 Gen info
- Koordersiodendron is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belong to the family Anacardiaceae. It contains only one known species, Koordersiodendron pinnatum.
- Etymology: The genus name Koordersiodendron honors Sijfert Hendrik Koorders (1863-1919), Dutch Indonesian botanist and mycologist in Bogor, and herbarium director beginning in 1903. The specific epithet pinnatum derives from Latin pinnatus, meaning feathered. (7)
Botany
• Amugis is a large evergreen tree growing to a height of 25 to 40 m. Bole is cylindrical, bole 80 cm or more in diameter, branchless up to 20 meters or more. Bark is dark brown or black, shallowly or deeply fissured. Leaves are spirally arranged, crowded at the end of twigs, with 6 to 16 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets are oblong with equilateral obtuse base and acuminate ape, 9 to 20 cm by 2 to 2.5 cm. Inflorescence are in axillary panicles, up to 50 cm long, with white to yellow green flowers. Fruits are 2.5 to 4 cm long containing one seed. Seed is ellipsoid and compressed, about 2.5 by 1.5 cm.
 • K. pinnatum is a large and evergreen tree up to measure 50 m tall. Bole is cylindrical, branchless for up to measure about 25(-30) m, up to measuring 80(-200) cm in diameter and sometimes with buttresses up to measure 2 m high. Bark surface is usually deeply fissured, dark brown or black in color, laminated inner bark, fibrous, pink to red and with a little colorless exudates. Crown is dense and dark green. Leaves are arranged spirally, crowded at the end of twigs, imparipinnate, with a size of measure 50-80 cm long, with (6-)10-16 pairs of leaflets, hairy rachis and exstipulate. Leaflets are subopposite, ovate-oblong to narrowly oblong in shape , with a size of measure 3-20 cm x 1.5-5.5 cm, entire, slightly asymmetrical at the base, acuminate, with 10-24 pairs of usually bright red secondary veins, glossy green above, yellowish-green below, glabrescent, with short petiolule and without domatia. Flowers are in an axillary panicle that up to measure 50 cm long, bisexual, actinomorphic, with 5-merous, small and white or yellowish-green in color. The sepals unite at the base while the lobes are measure 0.7-1 mm long. Petals are free, imbricate and measuring 2-3 mm long. There are 10 hairless stamens and nearly spherical anthers. Ovary is superior, sessile, nearly spherical, deeply longitudinally 5-furrowed, densely hairy, 5-celled, usually with one fertile cell and one ovule per cell and with 5 short styles. The disk is intrastaminal, round and flat and with 10-notched. Fruit measures about 2.5-4 cm long, a 1(-3)-celled drupe, broadly ellipsoid in shape, obtuse at both ends, yellowish when ripe and with cartilaginous endocarp. Seed is ellipsoid in shape, with the free testa from the endocarp. Cotyledons are free and plano-convex. Seedling is with epigeal and cryptocotylar germination. Cotyledons are succulent, enclosed by the persistent, dark brown, cracking and fibrous fruit wall. First 2 leaves are arranged opposite and compound while the subsequent leaves are arranged spirally. (8)
Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
-
Widely distributed throughout the Philippines. in most islands and provinces.
- In open and secondary forests at low altitudes, rarely up to 450 m elevation.
- Also native to Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi. (1)
- IUCN listed as Vulnerable.
 Constituents
- Crude extract yielded tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, and steroids. (see study below) (5)
- Study of methanol extract of leaves isolated a new naphthalene derivative, (Z)-4-(tetradec-3-enyl)naphthalene-1,2,7-triol (1), together with three known compounds, β-sitosterol (2), 20-epibryonolic acid (3), and scopoletin (4). (see study below) (11)
Properties
- Fruit favored by the palm civet.
- Studies has suggested cytotoxicity, anticancer, antioxidative, BSLA biotoxicity, antibacterial properties.
Parts used
Exudate, leaves, bark.
Uses
Edibility
- Fruit is edible; sweet.
Folkloric
- Plant exudate and bark are used medicinally.
Others
- Wood: Cultivated for its red wood. Heartwood is medium-red brown to dark red. Heartwood is only moderately durable or nondurable; not resistant to termites. (4) Classified as a medium hard wood in Malaysia. Sapwood is pale pink, clearly defined from the heartwood, which is pink-brown to red-brown and darkens on exposure.
- Construction: Used for flooring and furniture components; turnery, general joinery, door panels, cabinet making. (4)
 Studies
• Toxicity Study: Study evaluated the acute toxicity of methanolic extracts of K. pinnatum in DDY mice using measures of behavioral observations in form of locomotor activity, curiosity, defecation, urination, and animal mortality. No changes were recorded on 14-day observation. Mortality was recorded in 2% of male group, with no mortality in the female group. The extract was practically non toxic for both male and female with LD50>15 g/kg. (2)
• Cytotoxicity / Anticancer / Leaves: Study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of K. pinnatum against MCF-7 human breast cancer, HCT 116 human colorectal cancer. and 549 human lung cancer cell lines. IC50s obtained were 19.54 for HCT116, 24.31 for MCF7, and 26.03 for for A549. Results suggested anticancer potential with the cytotoxic property exerted by inhibition of proliferation f the three cancer cell lines, with HCT16 being the most inhibited. (5)
• Antibacterial / Antioxidant / Bark: Study evaluated the in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidative properties of of various bark extracts. The ethyl acetate bark extract inhibited all seven test bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium sp., Salmonella enteritidis, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidative test was carried out at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10% with aquadest as negative control and α-tcopherol as positive control. Peroxide value of ethanol extract 111.29 was lower than α-tocopherol. (6)
• Antioxidant / BLST Biotoxicity / Leaves: Study of K. pinnatum methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate fraction and residue of K. pinnatum for antioxidant activity showed IC50s of 45.33, >1000, 89.40, and 14.29 µg/mL and LC50s of 1000, 243, 400 and > 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activity is suggested by IC50 <200 µg/ml, and bioactivitiy by BSLT is suggested by LC50 <250 µg/mL. Results suggest the residue of K. pinnatum leaves has potential as antioxidant with IC50 14.29 µg/mL and the n-hexane fraction has the highest bioactivity against shrimp larvae Artemia salina with LC50 243 µg/mL. (9)
• Antioxidant / Bark: Study evaluated the phytochemical content and free radical scavenging activity of K. pinnatum bark extracts. Extracts and fractions yielded flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. Ethyl acetate extract showed phenolic content of 30.77% and highest free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay with IC50 5.20 mg/mL. Subfraction 6 showed highest free radical scavenging with IC50 9.21 µg/mL. (Quercetin as positive control 4.43 µg/mL). (10)
• Cytotoxicity Against P-388 Murine Leukemia Cell Line / Leaves: Study of methanol extract of leaves isolated a new naphthalene derivative, (Z)-4-(tetradec-3-enyl)naphthalene-1,2,7-triol (1), along with three known compounds. Compound 1 showed highest activity against P-388 murine leukemia cell line. (see constituents above) (11)
Availability
Wild-crafted.
|
