Sida cordifolia L. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

General info
- Sida is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions world wide, especially in the Americas. Plants of the genus are generally known as fanpetals or sidas. (43)
- Sida cordifolia is a perennial subshrub of the mallow family Malvaceae. It has naturalized throughout the world, and is considered an invasive weed in Africa, Australia, the southern United States, Hawaiian Islands, New Guinea, and French Polynesia. (42)
- Etymology: The genus name Sida derives from Greek word for "pomegranate or water lily". Carl Linnaeus adopted the name from the writings of Theophrastus. (43) The specific epithet cordifolia derives from Latin, referring to the heart-shaped leaf.

Botany
• Gulipas is an erect, half-woody shrub, 0.4 to 1 meter in height, covered with soft, velvety hairs mixed with long spreading hairs. Leaves are hairy, ovate, 1.5 to 4.5 centimeters long, with blunt tip, heart-shaped base, and toothed margins. Flowers are yellow, borne in axils of the leaves, often crowded on the younger branches, forming leafy racemes. Carpels are prominently rough, the projections as long as the carpels.

• Erect annual or perennial herb or subshrub, up to c. 1 m tall; stems densely and softly tomentose to pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves with 1–5.5 cm long petiole; blade ovate to suborbicular, 2–8 x 1.5–8 cm, cordate to truncate at the base, acute to rounded at the apex, with dentate margins, pubescent to tomentose. Flowers in clusters, mostly towards end of lateral branches or forming terminal panicles; pedicels up to 25 mm long. Calyx 5–8 mm long, enclosing the ripe mericarp. Petals 8–12 mm long, yellow. Mericarps 8–10, 3–5 mm long and with a pair of 2.5–6 mm long retrorsely barbed awns; lower part of back and sides reticulately sculptured. (JSTOR: Global Plants)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Found from northern Luzon to Mindanao as a weed in open dry places, in and about towns.
- Also native to Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Assam, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caprivi Strip, Cayman Is., Central African Republic, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Dominican Republic, DR Congo, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Florida, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Honduras, Howland-Baker Is., India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, New Guinea, New South Wales, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Australia, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sudan-South Sudan, Sumatera, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Texas, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Windward Is., Zambia, Zimbabwe. (36)
- As a weed, invades cultivated and overgrazed fields, competing with more desired species and contaminating hay.

Constituents
- Studies have yielded asparagin, alkaloids (ephedrine, hypa-phorine, vasicinone, vasicine, and vasicinol), phytosterols, mucin, gelatin, potassium nitrate and rutin. Ephedrine content of the whole plant is 0.085%. (34)
- Study reported 0.112% of ephedrine from the whole plant (Khatoon et al, 2005). Seeds contain more alkaloids than found in stems, roots, or leaves. (34)
- Whole plant yields alkaloids, four times more in the seeds than stems, roots and leaves.
- Contains ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine that is responsible for its cardiovascular and CNS stimulant effect.
- The alkaloid ephedrine is present at 0.8 to 1.2%.
- Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant yielded alkaloids, resins, flavonoids, steroids, amino acids (EE), proteins, carbohydrates. (See study below)  (14)
- Yields ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, sterculic, malvalic and coronaric acid, fatty acids, saponin, betaphenethylamine, hypaphorine, ecdysterone, indole alkaloids, palmitic, stearic and ß-sitosterol.      (20)
- Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of roots yielded reducing sugar, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. (see study below) (22)
- Study yielded major phytochemical compounds viz., vasicinol, ephedrine, vasicinone, hypaphorine. (see study below) (24)
- Study of methanol extract of aerial parts yielded four new alkaloids, viz., 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-3-ylamine, 5′-hydroxymethyl-1′-(1,2,3,9-tetrahydro- pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one, 2-(1′-amino-butyl) indol-3-one and 2′-(3H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-butan-1′-ol. (34)
- Qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanoliic extracts of S. cordifolia leaves revealed alkaloids ++, tannins ++, saponins ++, glycosides +++. flavonoids ++++. terpenoids +++, steroids +++. reducing compounds ++, and phenols +++. Qualitative phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic extracts yielded (g/100g) yielded alkaloids 1.341, saponin 0.341, tannins, 0.140, glycosides 0.446, flavonoids 0.147, terpenoids 0.221, and phenol 0.824. (40)

Properties
- Leaves considered emollient, analgesic, demulcent, diuretic, nervine, stimulant and tonic.
- Roots considered cooling, astringent, stomachic and tonic.
- Stems considered demulcent, emollient, febrifuge and diuretic.
- Studies have suggested hepatotoxic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antistress, adaptogenic, analgesic, anti-neurotoxicity, antiperoxidative, anticandidal, antitumor, cardiotonic, nephroprotective, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, antifertility, wound healing, cytotoxicity, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic, antimalarial properties.

Parts used
Roots, leaves, seeds and stems.

Uses
Folkloric
- Decoction of leaves used as emollient and a diuretic.
- Pounded in water, juice used for spermatorrhea and gonorrhea.
- Infusion of roots, used for nervous and urinary disease; also for disorders of the blood and bile.
- In China, plant used as diuretic.
- Root juice used for healing wounds.
- Juice of whole plant used for rheumatism and spermatorrhea.
- Decoction of root and ginger used for intermittent fevers with shivering fits.
- Root bark powder in milk and sugar used for frequent micturition and leukorrhea.
- Root, alone or with asafoetida and rock salt used for neurologic disorders (headaches, paralysis).
Infusion of root used for delirium.
- Roots also used internally for asthma and as a cardiac tonic.
- Infusion of leaves used as cooling medicine for fevers and to check bloody fluxes.
- Bruised fresh leaves used for boils to promote suppuration.
- Leaves cooked and eaten for bleeding piles.
- Leaves are mucilaginous and used as a demulcent.
- In Konkan, leaves for ophthalmia.
- Seeds considered aphrodisiac; used for gonorrhea, cystitis, colds and tenesmus.
- Gujarat folk tribes in India use the herb for coronary manifestations.
- In Ayurveda, leaves, seeds, or whole plant used in diseases of rakta pitta origin. Mainly used as general tonic, anti-inflammatory, blood coagulant, for sexual dysfunction and Parkinson's disease, among others. (25)
- In upper Assam, India, juice extracted from roots mixed with old preserved sugar cane juice and candy sugar used for treatment of peptic ulcer. Powder from bark or root bark of S. cordifolia and bark of Areca catechu taken to control diarrhea and dysentery. (32)
- In Ghana, used for treatment of malaria.
Others
• Fiber: Produces a fiber, as valued as jute.
• Dye: Source of natural dye. (see study below: 31)

Studies
• Weight Loss Supplement / Ephedrine / Hepatotoxicity: Because of the small amounts of ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine it contains, it has become a component in many weight loss products. However, at present, no evidence supports the use of S. cordifolia as a weight loss product in humans. In many countries, the use of ephedrine in weight loss products has been banned because of reported hepatotoxicity. (1)
• Liver Regenerative / Leaves: Study showed the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia leaves stimulates liver regeneration after 67% partial hepatectomy in rats. Findings suggest that Sida cordifolia stimulates insulin release by the pancreatic ß-cells. Insulin acting as important co-mitogen raised the hypothesis that the augmented release of the hormone, stimulated by S. cordifolia, may increase the hepatocellular synthesis of DNA and the liver regeneration process. (2)
• Immunomodulatory: In cyclophosphamide-treated birds with marked immunosuppression, administration of A. racemosa and S. cordifolia in combination with Levamisole showed immunomodulatory effects. (4)
• Antioxidant: Study showed S. cordifolia to be a potential source of antioxidants. The ethanol extracts were found to be a good scavenger of DPPH radicals, the roots betters than stems, leaves and whole plant. (5)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory: Study of extracts exhibited sufficient inhibition of paw edema, comparable to standard drug, phenylbutazone. (2) Study isolated a bioactive alkaloid that exhibited significant analgesic activity and significant inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan. (6)
• Antimicrobial / Roots and Leaves: Methanol extracts of several medicinal plants were studied for antimicrobial activity. S. cordifolia showed significant activity against B subtilis, E coli, P fluorescens, S aureus and X axonopodis. The root and leaf extract showed significant activity against all test bacteria. The methanol extract also exhibited significant antifungal activity against F. verticillioides. (7)
• Antistress / Adaptogenic / Roots: Study evaluated ethanol extract of roots for antistress, adaptogenic activity using cold restraint stress and swim endurance in mice. Mice pretreated with ethanol extract of roots of Sida cordifolia showed significant improvement in the swim duration and reduced the elevated WBC, blood glucose and plasma cortisone. (8)
• Bioactive Alkaloid / Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory: Study isolated a new alkaloid (5′-Hydroxymethyl-1′- (1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one) (compound 1) from S. cordifoli. The compound was evaluated in animal models using acetic acid induced writhing and radiant heat tail flick method in mice for analgesic activity and carrageenan induced rat paw edema for anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 1 exhibited significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity in both models and significant (p<0.01) inhibition of rat paw edema induced by carrageenan. (9)
• Cardiovascular Effects: Study of the aqueous fraction of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia leaves produced hypotension and bradycardia, mainly due to direct stimulation of the endothelial vascular muscarinic receptor and indirect cardiac muscarinic activation, respectively. (10)
• Cardiovascular Effects / Antioxidant: Study of biochemical and antioxidant profile during myocardial injury showed significantly increased endogenous antioxidants in heart tissue homogenate. Biochemical findings were supported by histopathological observations. Results confirm, in part, its folk use in the treatment of MI. (11)
• Anti-Neurotoxicity: Study showed that on coadministration of Ksheerabala with quinolinic acid, the levels of all biochemical parameters were restored to near-normal levels, indicating a protective effect.
• Antibacterial / Antifungal / Phytochemicals: Study of chloroform and ethanol extracts yielded carbohydrates, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins and fixed oils. Antimicrobial screening with S aureus, B subtilis, E Coli, P aeruginosa, C albicans and A niger. There was appreciable antibacterial activity against all the selected bacteria, with maximum activity against S aureus and E coli.
• Antioxidant / Anthelmintic: Study evaluated ethanolic and aqueous extracts from the whole plant of Sida cordifolia for antioxidant activity and anthelmintic activity against earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Both extracts showed anthelmintic activity. For antioxidant activity, the ethanolic extract was more significant. (14)
• Antiperoxidative / Anti-Inflammatory / Quinolinic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of S. cordifolia root on quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Extract treatment decreased lipid peroxidation products and increased activity of scavenging enzymes. Results showed the ethanolic extract possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to standard drug deprenyl. (15)
• Anti-Candidal / Free Radical Scavenging / Synergism: Study showed a synergistic effect between alkaloidal compounds and antifungal references such as Nystatin and Clotrimazole. Antioxidant capacity was best with reduction capacity of DPPH radicals. Results showed potentially exploitable antifungal activity. (16)
• Nephroprotective: Study evaluated the nephroprotective activity of an aqueous root extract of S. cordifolia against gentamicin and cisplatin-induced experimental animal models. Results showed nephroprotective activity with prevention of renal damage and normalization of increased levels of renal markers. (17)
• Antitumor Activity / Cytotoxicity: A methanolic extract of the plant showed antitumor activity on cytotoxicity assay. GCMS analysis of the bioactive compounds yielded vasicine and ephedrine. (18)
• Cardiotonic / Roots: Study evaluated the cardiotonic activity of infusion of roots of S. cordifolia using perfused frog heart assembly. Results showed better cardiotonic activity than digoxin. There was a significant increase in force of contraction (positive ionotropic effect) and decrease heart rate (negative chronotropic effect). (19)
• Analgesic / Antioxidant / Roots: Study of ethanolic extract of roots showed antioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging assay with an IC50 value of 50 µg/mL. The crude extract produced statistically significant analgesic activity (p.0.001) with 44.30% inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing. It did not show antimicrobial activity against five types of microorganisms. (19)
• Phytopharmacological Study / Roots: Study evaluated an 80% concentrated ethanol extract of roots for phytopharmacologic properties. In DPPH scavenging assay, IC50 was 50 µg/ml. Crude extract exhibited statistically significant (p<0.001) 44.30% inhibition of writhing at dose of 500 mg/kbw. The extract showed no in vitro antibacterial activity five test microorganisms. (see constituents above) (22)
• Anti-Hyperglycemic / Anti-Hyperlipidemic / Antioxidant / Aerial Parts: Study of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of S. cordifolia in STZ-induced diabetic wistar rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed potency to act as anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant. It protects from LPO that damages the cell membrane. The therapeutic potential may be due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as glucosides, resins, alkaloids, sterols, saponins, flavanoids, etc. (23)
• Cytotoxicity / HeLa Cell Line / Antimicrobial / Leaves: Study showed S. cordifolia leaf possesses cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells. On antibacterial testing, a methanol extract showed higher inhibition activity against E. coli, E. aerogenes, Mycobacterium sp., and Micrococcus variance, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. (24)
• Wound Healing: Study evaluated the wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of S. cordifolia in excision, incision, and burn wound models in rats. The ointment formulation of the ethanolic extract showed significant (p<0.01) healing in all wound models as evidenced by significant changes (p<0.01) in the measured parameters viz., wound contraction, epithelization period, hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, and histopathological studies. (26)
• Analgesic Activity / Toxicity Study: Study evaluated the toxicological effects and analgesic effects of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta and Sida cordifolia in Wistar albino rats treated by gavage for 28 days. Analgesic effect was evaluated in mice by acetic acid writhing and by formalin test. For acute toxicity test, S. cordifolia showed an LD50 of 3.4 g/kg. The extracts showed significant analgesic effects (p<0.05) by acetic acid writhing and hot plate method in a dose-dependent manner. (27)
• Nootropic Activity: Study evaluated the nootropic effect of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Sida cordifolia in mice using transfer latency (TL) and step-down latency (SDL) tests. The hydralcoholic extract dose dependently increased the SDL and decreased the TL in mice as compared to the control group. Results suggest potential for use in treatment of diseases associated with memory dysfunctions such as Alzheimer's disease. (28)
• Anticancer / Leaves: GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of S. cordifolia leaves yielded 20 major compounds. In-silico approach evaluated the compounds for anticancer activity. Of all compounds studied 3-[(3E,7E)-3,7- dimethyl-9-(phenylsulfanyl)nona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-2,2- dimethyloxirane was found be a potential inhibitor of Bcl2. (29)
• Acceleration of Wound Healing in T2 Diabetic Rats: Study evaluated the wound healing potential of hydrogel of methanolic extract applied topically to excision wound and incision wounds of fructose-fed STZ-induced diabetic rats. Results showed that in both models, the hydrogel exhibited significant wound healing activity in terms of wound contraction (p<0.01), period of epithelization (p<0.01), and hydroxyproline content (p<0.01) in the excision model, and tensile strength (p<0.01) in the incision model. Activity was attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds and gallic acid in the extracts. (30)
• Natural Dye / Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Woolen Fabric: Study observed that extract of S. cordifolia natural dye yields various shades in green-yellow region on woolen fabric with the assistance of various chemical and natural mordants. The dyeing process can be achieved using renewable eco-friendly natural materials. (31)
• Antifertility Potential: Study evaluated the effect of S. cordifolia on fertility of female Swiss albino rats. Treatment caused decrease in the weight of the ovaries and uterus. Histopathological evaluation showed abnormalilty effects on the ovaries and fallopian tubes which as responsible for implantation. Results suggest abortifacient and anti-implantation activity. (33)
• Immmunomodulatory / Antibacterial / Roots: Study evaluated the immunomodulatory activity and antibacterial activity of hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of roots. Immunomodulatory activity was confined to the aqueous extract, and fractionation and biochemical analysis yielded a highly potent polysaccharide-enriched fraction (SCAF5), which is a complex mixture of different polysac-charides with various immunomodulatory effects including  immune cell proliferation, antibody secretion, phagocytosis, NO production, and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Extensive fractionation identified two compounds, rosmarinic acid and its 4-O-ß-d-glucoside derivative, which has potent activity against Gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MRSA. (37)
• Antimalarial / Leaves: Study evaluated the antimalarial properties and acute toxicity of aqueous leaf extract of S. cordifolia in murine models. The aqueous extract was evaluated for both suppressive and curative antimalarial properties in chloroquine-sensitive ANKA strains of rodent Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Extract showed invivo antiplasmodial activity with ED50 of 117.49 and 144.84 mg/kg in suppressive and curative studies, respectively. Survival of infected mice was significantly prolonged. Acute toxicity study using OECD 425 guidelines did not show toxicity in rats. Results showed antimalarial properties and justified traditional use for treatment of malaria in Ghana. (38)
• Effect on Cough / Sittamatti / Whole Plant Decoction: Study showed use of whole plant decoction, Sittamati Kudineer, for one month significantly (p<0.05) changed symptoms of cough. The presence of ephedrine highlighted the utility of the plant. Study suggests the decocton is significant therapy for respiratory diseases, especially those associated with cough. (39)
• Effect on Cough / Sittamatti / Whole Plant Decoction: ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) stress pathway is implicated in the patho-physiology of several neurodegenerative disorders, especially those classified as proteinopathies. Sida cordifolia (SC) is one of the common ingredients in formulations used for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) and neuropathic pain. Study evaluated the effectiveness of SC in Huntington's Disease (HD) model using Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells. Results showed SC not only improved motility but also substantially increased life span. SC profoundly modulates ER stress, reducing the stress caused by mHTT protein. Study showed mode of action of SC, at least partially, is via modulation of ER stress pathway, thereby normalizing changes brought about by overexpression of mHTT. (41)

Concerns / Caution
• Ephedrine: Ephedrine, a 2-aminophenylpropane alkaloid was first isolated from Ephedra sinica Stapf. (Ma-Huang). Ephedra gerandiana Wall. ex Stapf. is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Another alkaloid reported from Ephedra sp. is a pseudoephedrine which is present in lower concentrations in Sida cordifolia. Today, companies continue to promote S. cordifolia for anti-obesity effects. (3)
• Ephedra / Ephedrine / Banned: Sida cordifolia contains ephedrine, an amphetamine-like stimulant that can cause harmful side effects. Since 2004, the US FDA has banned ephedra, Sida cordifolia and other products that contain ephedrine. (21)
• Interactions: Sida cordifolia can increase the speed of the heartbeat. It can interact with many cardiac medications, methylxanthines, stimulant drugs. Moderate interaction may also be seen with dexamethasone, ergot derivatives, MAOs, and antidiabetic drugs. (22)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Capsules, powder, extracts and syrups in the cybermarket.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Weight Loss Supplement Sida Cordifolia / Nutrition Reviews
(2)
Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy / Renato Lemos Silva et al / Acta Cir. Bras., 2006; Vol 21, Suppl 1, São Paulo / doi: 10.1590/S0102-86502006000700009
(3)
Bala (Sida cordifolia L.)- Is It Safe Herbal Drug? / Dr Amrit Pal Singh et al / Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 336-341. 2006.
(4)
Effect of Asparagus racemosus, Sida cordifolia and Levamisole on immunological parameters in experimentally induced immunosuppressed broilers / Tekade S H et al / Veterinary World, Vol.1(2): 49-50
(5)
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Sida cordifolia / K Dhalwal et al / Summary Pharmaceutical Biology, 2005, Vol. 43, No. 9, Pages 754-761
(6)
Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activities of Sida cordifolia Linn / R K Sutradhar et al / Indian J Pharmacol | June 2006; Vol 38, Issue 3: pp 207-208
(7)
Antimicrobial Activity of Some Important Medicinal Plant Against Plant and Human Pathogens / B Mahesh and S Satish / World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (S): 839-843, 2008
(8)
Antistress, adoptogenic activity of Sida cordifolia roots in mice / Meera Sumanth and S S Mustafa / SHORT COMMUNICATION, 2009; Volume 71, Issue 3: pp 323-324 / DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.56027
(9)
Bioactive Alkaloid from Sida cordifolia Linn. with Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities / Ranajit Kumar Sutradhar et al / IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, IJPT, 2006; 5: pp 175-178
(10)
Cardiovascular effects of Sida cordifolia leaves extract in rats / I A Medeiros et al / Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 19– 27
(11)
Role of Sida cordifolia L. leaves on biochemical and antioxidant profile during myocardial injury / Kubavat J B and Asdaq S M / J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jul 6;124(1):162-5. Epub 2009 Apr 10
(12)
The Ayurvedic drug, Ksheerabala, ameliorates quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress in rat brain / S S Swathy and M Indira / 2010, Vol 1, No 1, pp 4-9.
(13)
Sorting Sida names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(14)
In Vitro Studies on Sida cordifolia Linn for Anthelmintic and Antioxidant Properties / Rajesh Singh Pawar, Ankit Jain, Preeti Sharma, Pradeep Kumar Chaurasiya, Pradeep Kumar Singour / Chinese Medicine, June 2011; 2(2): pp 47-52 / DOI:10.4236/cm.2011.22009
(15)
Antiperoxidative and antiinflammatory effect of Sida cordifolia Linn. on quinolinic acid induced neurotoxicity /
Swathy SS, Panicker S, Nithya RS, Anuja MM, Rejitha S, Indira M. / Neurochem Res. 2010 Sep;35(9):1361-7 / doi: 10.1007/s11064-010-0192-5. Epub 2010 May 25.
(16)
Free radical scavenging capacity, anticandicidal effect of bioactive compounds from Sida Cordifolia L., in combination with nystatin and clotrimazole and their effect on specific immune response in rats / Maurice Ouédraogo et al / Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2012, 11:33 /doi:10.1186/1476-0711-11-33
(17)
Assessment of nephroprotective potential of Sida cordifolia Linn. in experimental animals / Mehul V. Makwana*, Nilesh M. Pandya, Dharmesh N. Darji, Sarav A. Desai, Bhaskar VH / Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2012, 4 (1):175-180
(18)
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND CYTOTOXIC STUDIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT SIDA CORDIFOLIA / S Sadheeshna kumari, M A Liza mary, B Milin bensila, S U Ajisha, Aldous. J. Huxley / Inventi Impact: Ethnopharmacology , Vol. 2012
(19)
Comparative Cardiotonic Activity of Sida cordifolia Linn with Digoxin on Perfused Frog Heart. / Dama Ganesh Y.*, Jori Mayuri P., Joshi Prajakta P., Deore Sumit R. and Bidkar Jayant S. / Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 4(6): June 2011
(20)
Sida cordifolia (Linn) – An overview / Ankit Jain, Shreya Choubey, P.K.Singour, H. Rajak and R.S. Pawar / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (02); 2011: 23-31
(21)
SIDA CORDIFOLIA—Interactions / WebMD
(22)
Phytopharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia L. roots / Mohammad Abdul Motalib Momin, Sm Faysal Bellah, Sarder Mohammad Raussel Rahman, Ahmed Ayedur Rahman Gazi Mohammad Monjur Murshid, and Talha Bin Emran / Asian Pac J Trop Biomed., Jan 2014; 4(1):pp 18–24 /
doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60202-1
(23)
Anti-Hyperglycemic, Anti-Hyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Potential of Alcoholic-Extract of Sida cordifolia (Areal Part) in Streptozotocin-Induced-Diabetes in Wistar-Rats / Mahrukh Ahmad, Shahid Prawez, Mudasir Sultana, Rajinder Raina, Nrip Kishore Pankaj, Pawan Kumar Verma, Shafiqur Rahman / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2014; 84(2): pp 397-405 / DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0218-2
(24)
Effect of Bioactive Compounds and its Pharmaceutical Activities of Sida cordifolia Linn. / Baby Joseph, A.U.Ajisha, Satheesna Kumari and S.Sujatha* / Int J Biol Med Res. 2011; 2(4): pp 1038 -1042
(25)
PHYTO-PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SIDA CORDIFOLIA: A REVIEW OF FOLKLORE
USE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES / NAVNEET KHURANA, NEHA SHARMA, SHAILENDRA PATIL, ASMITA GAJBHIYE / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016; 9(S2): pp 52-58
(26)
Wound healing activity of Sida cordifolia Linn. in rats / Rajesh S Pawar, Pradeep K Chaurasiya, Harish Rajak, Pradeep K Singour, Fedelic Ashish Tooppo, Ankit Jain / Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2013; 45(5): pp 474-478 / DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.117759
(27)
Toxicity assessment and analgesic activity investigation of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta Burn f .and Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae), medicinal plants of Burkina Faso / Kiessoun Konaté, Imaël Henri  Nestor Bassolé, Adama Hilou, Raïssa RR Aworet-Samseny, Alain Souza, Nicolas Barr, Mamoudou  H 
Dicko, Jacques Y Datté and Bertrand M’Batchi / BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (ISCMR)2012; 12:120 / https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-120
(28)
Evaluation of nootropic activity of Sida cordifolia in mice / Navneet Khurana, Neha Sharma, Shailendra Patil, Asmita Gajbhiye / International Journal of Green Pharmacy, Jul-Sep 2017; 11 (3S): pp 417-422
(29)
Anticancer Activity of Sida cordifolia L., – Insilico approach / Meenakshi Sundaram Muthuraman, Simran Sinsinwar, Umashankar Vetrivel / J. Pharm. Sci. & Res., 2017; 9(8): pp 1363-1367
(30)
Sida cordifolia Linn. accelerates wound healing process in type 2 diabetic rats / Rajesh Singh Pawar, Shweta Kumar, Fedelic Ashish Toppo, Lakshmi PK, Pratibha Suryavanshi / Journal of Acute Medicine, 2016; 6: 82e89
(31)
An Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Woollen Fabric by Sida Cordifolia Natural Dye / Lalit Jajpura, Pooja Kumari, Neetu Rani / Remarking, Nov 2015; 2(6)
(32)
Traditional medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in Upper Assam / P K Borah, P Gogoi, A C Phukan & J Mahanta / Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Oct 2006; Vol 5(4): pp 510-512
(33)
EVALUATION OF ANTIFERTILITY POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF SIDA CARDIFOLIA LINN. PLANT IN SWISS ALBINO MICE / SWATI POKALE, KALA KULKARNI / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 4(2)
(34)
Alkaloids of Sida cordifolia L. / Ranajit K Sutradhar, A K M Matior Rahman. Mesbah U Ahmad & Koushik Saha / Indian Journal of Chemistry, Nov 2007; Vol. 46B: pp 1896-1900
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Suggested reading: Concentrations of Ephedra Alkaloids and Caffeine in Commercial Dietary Supplements / Christine A. Hailer, Minjing Duan, Neal L.Benowitz, and Peyton Jacob, III / Journal of Analytical Toxicology, April 2004, Vol 28
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Sida cordifolia / KKEW: Plants of the World Online
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Extracts of Sida cordifolia contain polysaccharides possessing immunomodulatory activity and rosmarinic acid compounds with antibacterial activity / Haroon Iqbal, Claire L Wright, Sue Jones, Brian D Green et al / BNC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2022; 22, Art 27 / DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03502-7
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Antimalarial Properties of Sida cordifolia L. Leaf Extract in Mice: Survivability Depends Less on Parasitaemia Suppression / Samuel Ansong, Desmond Nkrumah, Reinhard Isaac Nketia, Gustav Komlaga et al / Evid Based Complement Aternat Med, 2023: 5560711 / DOI: 10.1155/2023/5560711
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EFFECT OF “SITTAMATTI (SIDA CORDIFOLIA LINN.) KUDINEER (DECOCTION)” IN RESPIRATORY COMPLAINT - COUGH / Dr S R Pholtan Rajeev /  International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH / eISSN: 2350-0530 / pISSN: 2394-3629 / DOI: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i8.2020.707
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL COMPONENTS OF SIDA CORDIFOLIA (LINN.) / Archana Srivastava, Naina Srivastava / J Env Bio-Sci., 2013; 27(2): pp 211-214 / pISSJN: 0973-6913 /
eISSN: 0976-3384
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Sida cordifolia is efficacious in models of Huntington’s disease by reducing ER stress / Prasanna K Simha, Chandramouli Mukherjee, Ashwini Godbole et al / Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2025;; Sec. Cellular Biochemistry; Volume 12 / DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1567932
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Sida cordifolia / Wikipedia
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Sida (plant) / Wikipedia

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