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Family Rubiaceae
Apatot
Morinda citrifolia Linn.
NONI
Hai ba ji

Scientific names  Common names 
Morinda aspera  Wight & Arn. Apatot (Ilk.) 
Morinda citrifolia Linn. Apatot-nga-basit (Ilk.) 
Morinda citrifolia f. potteri (O.Deg.) Bangkudo (Bis., Tag.) 
Morinda citrifolia var. potteri O.Deg. Bankoro (Tag., Mag.) 
Morinda ligulata Blanco Bankuro (Tagb.) 
Morinda littoralis  Blanco Bankuru (Tag.)
Morinda macrophylla Desf.  Galongog (Sub.) 
Morinda mudia  Buch.-Ham. Lino (Bis., Tag.)
Morinda multiflora  Roxb. Nino (Sul., Tag., Bis.) 
Morinda nodasa  Buch.-Ham. Rukurok (Kuy.) 
Morinda pubescens var. aspera (Wight & Arn.) M.Gangop. Tueng-aso (Tag.) 
Morinda quadrangularis  G.Don. Tumbong-aso (Tag.) 
Morinda teysmanniana  Miq. Beach mulberry (Engl.)
Morinda tinctoria  Noronha Cheese fruit (Engl.) 
Morinda tinctoria  var.  aspera (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f. Great morinda (Engl.)
Morinda tinctoria  var.  multiflora (Roxb.) Hook.f. Indian mulberry (Engl.) 
Morinda zollingeriana  Miq. Nni (Engl.)
Plantanocephhalus orientalis Crantz Pain-killer tree (Engl.)
Samana citrifolia (L.) Kuntze Tahitian noni (Engl.)
Sarcocephalus leichhardtii F.Muell. Vomit fruit (Engl.)
  Wild pine (Engl.)
Morinda citrifolia L. is an accepted name. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BENGALI : Ach, Bartundi, Hurdi, Surangi.
BURMESE : Mhanbin, Neihpahsae, Yaiyae.
CHINESE : Hai ba ji, Wu ning, Luo ling, Hai ba ji.
DUTCH : Noni, Kaasvrucht, Stinkend kaasvrucht.
FRENCH : Nono (Tahiti), Jus de noni.
GERMAN : Indische Maulbeere, Noni-Baum.
GUJARATI: Surangi.
HINDI : Aal, Aach, Ak, Ashi , Barraal, Bartundi, Surangi.
INDIA: Nuna.
INDONESIA : Mengkudu, Pacel
KANNADA: Tagase maddi.
MALAYALAM : Kattapitavalam, Manjanathhi, Manjanatthi, Mannanatti, Mannapavatta.
MALAYSIAN: Mengkudu.
MARATHI: Nagakunda.
NEPALESE : Hardikath.
PORTUGUESE : Pau-azeitona.
SPANISH : Huevo de reuma, Mora de la India.
TAMIL: Nuna.
TELUGU:Mogali.
THAI : Mata suea, Yae yai, Yor , Yo ban.
VIETNAMESE : Cây nhàu, Trái nhàu.

Gen info
- Morinda is a genus of flowering plants in the madder family, Rubiaceae, consisting of 80 species of trees, shrubs, and vines. (86)
- The genus name Morinda derives from Latin words morus meaning 'mulberry' from the appearance of the fruits, and indica referring to 'India.'
- The first fossil record for the genus Morinda
is from the fruit of Morinda chinensis found in coal dated from the Eocene 56 to 33.9 million years ago in the Changchang Basin of Hainan Is., South China. (86)
- Noni (Morinda citrifolia) has been used in traditional Polynesian medicine for over 2000 years. (72)

Botany
Apatot is an erect, smooth shrub or small tree, 3 to 10 meters high. Leaves are broadly elliptic to oblong, 12 to 25 centimeters long, with pointed or blunted tips. Peduncles are leaf-opposed, solitary, 1 to 3 centimeters long. Flowers are not collaborate, and form dense, ovoid or rounded heads, and are 1 to 1.5 centimeters. Calyx is truncate. Corolla is white, 1 centimeter long; limb is 5-lobed, 1 centimeter in diameter. Fruit is fleshy, white or greenish white, ovoid, 3 to 10 centimeters long, with the odor of decaying cheese.

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
Found chiefly along or near the seashore throughout the Philippines.
- Also   native to Andaman Is., Assam,  Australia, Bangladesh, Bismark Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Christmas Is., Cocos Is., Hainan, India, Jawa, Kazan-retto, Laccadive Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
(37)

Constituents
- Fruit contains physiochemical: aligns, saccharides, flavoring, irids, nonresident, completion, catechist and catecholamine, Neanderthal, alkaloids.
- Root bark contains a crystal glucose, moraine (C27H10O15), and a coloring matter, moraine.
- Fruit yields a volatile oil, Lorinda oil.

- Studies have yielded completion, octogenarian acid, potassium, vitamin C, steroids, alkaloids, anthracites, ergosterol, e-carotene, vitamin A, Lavonne triglycerides and Olenolin acid.
- Leaves yield flavorful triglycerides, beta-carotene and iridium triglycerides.
- Study of methanol extracts of leaves, stems, and fruits yielded 22 constituents. Eight were new compounds: phenolphthalein, moribundity, naphthalene, morindicone, morinthone, morindicinone, morindicininone, and 5-benzofuran carboxylic acid -6-formyl methyl ester, with 14 known constituents viz., 1, 3-dimethoxyanthraquinone, hydroquinone, scopoletin, 1,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3- methyl-9-anthrone (6), 2,4-dimethoxy-9-anthrone (7), 1-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone (10), 2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone, 2-hydroxyanthraquinone, 2-methoxyanthraquinone, stearic acid, palmitic acid, 4-(3' (R)-hydroxybutyl)-3,5,5'-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-l-one and 4-hydroxy-4-[ 1 'E,3 'R)-3' -hydroxy-l 'butenyl]-3,5,5' -trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-l-one and 1.2-dihydroxyanthraquinone. (18)
- Ethanolic extract of leaves and fruit juice yielded eighteen and fifteen compounds respectively. Among them were octanoic acid, cyclopropyl, hexanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, allantoin, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerin and gamma tocopherol. (32)
- Fifty-one volatile compounds have been identified, including organic acids such as octanoic and hexanoic acids, alcohols including 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol, and esters like methyl octanoate, and methyl decanoate, as wee as ketones 2-heptanone , and lactones (E)-6-dodeceno-y-lactone.

- Fruit juice composition of noni juice content per g/100g juice (J) and dry matter in juice (DM) yields: water 90.25 (J) 0 (DM); proteins 2.5 (J), 25.6±0.3 (DM); lipids 0.15 (J), 1.5±0.05 (DM); mineral matter 0.86 (J), 8.8 ± 0.3 (DM); fibers 3.38 (J), 34.7 ± 0.1 (DM); total sugars 2.01 (J), 20.6 ±0.2 (DM); mineral and organic anions 0.82 (J), 8.4±0.1 (DM); chlorophyll 0.03 (J), 0.30 ±0.004 (DM). (45)
- Study evaluated phytochemical constituents of fruits using ethanol, methanol. and aqueous solvent extracts. All three yielded steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenol, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, reducing sugars. lipids and fats, with absence of resins, anthraquinones, phylobatannins. Saponins were present in the aqueous and methanol extracts; proteins in aqueous and ethanol; and acidic compounds in the ethanol extract. (73)
- Phytochemical screening of leaf extract yielded flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, saponins, and coumarins. Total flavonoids of the leaf extract was 2.649 mg RU g of dry mass. (see study below)   (89)
- Total phenol content was 2.16-3.08 mg GAE/g extract. Total flavonoid content was 0.11-1.58 mg QE/g extract. HPTLC analysis revealed scopoletin content of Noni in the range of 0.44-0.51%. (see study below) (90)

Properties
- The ripe fruit has a strong butyric acid smell and flavor. (72)
- Fruit is emmenagogue.
- Root is cathartic.
- Bark, because of morindine, is febrifuge
- Tonic.
- Leaves considered vulnerary.
- Studies have suggested anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, immune-enhancing, antiproliferative, collagen-promoting properties.

Parts utilized
Roots, bark, leaves.

Uses
Edible
- Fruit is edible, which smells like decaying cheese and not great tasting, is eaten raw or cooked, salted or curried.
- In Indo-China, fruit eaten with salt.
- Fruit occasionally used as pig feed.
- In Java, young leaves eaten as vegetable.
- Tonic drink is prepared from decoction of pounded leaves and stem bark.

Folkloric
- In the Philippines, fruit is used as emmenagogue.
- Leaves, when fresh, applied to ulcers, facilitates healing.
- In Malaysia, heated leave applied to the chest and abdomen for coughs, nausea, colic, enlarged spleen, and fever.
- In Indo-China, leaves used as deobstruent and emmenagogue.
- In Bombay leaves applied externally for wound healing, and internally, as tonic and febrifuge.
- Decoction of charred leaves with mustard for infantile diarrhea.
- Juice of over-ripe fruit used for diabetes.
- Over-ripe fruit used as poultice and for treating kidney diseases.
- In Java, juice of fruit pulp, mashed with sugar, is slightly laxative.
- Syrup of fruit juice used as a gargle for sore throats.
- Expressed juice from leaves applied to relieve pain in gout.
- In Malaya and Cochin-China, over-ripe fruit used as emmenagogue.
- Fruit used internally in various preparations for swollen spleen, liver diseases, beriberi, hemorrhage, and coughs.
- In India, fruit used as deobstruent and emmenagogue.
- Unripe berries, charred and mixed with salt, applied to spongy gums.
- Leaves, fruit, flowers or bark used for eye problems, wounds, abscesses, fever, constipation.
- Leaf juice used for arthritis.
- Used for bone and wound healing.
- In Polynesian folk medicine, fruit and leaf juices used for treatment of acne. (63) Also used for anticancer activity.
- In India roots used as cathartic.
- Bark decoction used as astringent; used by the Malays for ague.
- In the Congo bark used as febrifuge, an effect attributed to morindine.
- Tonic produced from the pounding and cooking of the leaves and stem bark.
- In Hawaii, considered a medicine for tuberculosis.
Others
- Cleaning: Pulp of fruit used for cleaning hair, iron, or steel.
- Dye: Bark produces a reddish purple to brown dye used in batik making. In Java, roots used for dyeing.
- In Malaya and Thailand, tree used as support for pepper plants.
- Noni rage
- Briefly ruled as a herbal dietary supplement snake oil cure-all (Noni Juice or as a morinda capsule supplement ) claiming a wide range of therapeutic effects: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects among many others.

- Probiotic Juice: Seedless fermented M. citrifolia fruit juice from Taiwan showed potentials for the production of probiotic produced by reacting raw substrate of M. citrifolia juice with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei and L. plantarum) or Bifido-bacteria (Bifidobacterium longum). (38)

Studies
Antioxidant / Anticancer: Study suggest the prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity from commercial juice made from M citrifolia fruit may contribute to the cancer preventive effect of M citrifolia. (1)
Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity: Study of plant extracts of 17 Indian medicinal plants, M citrifolia was third in potency of dose-dependent nitric-oxide scavenging activity. (2)
Herbal Hepatotoxicity / Case Report: Report of a case of hepatotoxicity from a three-week history of drinking Noni juice. Pathology was confirmed by liver biopsy. Transaminase levels normalized within a month. (4)
Antispasmodic / Vasodilator Activities: Results suggest the spasmolytic and vasodilator effects of Morinda citrifolia are mediated possibly through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels and release of intracellular calcium – mechanisms that may explain its use in diarrhea and hypertension. (7)
Analgesic: Study suggests the alcoholic extract of fruits of Morinda citrifolia appears to have an analgesic effect. Morphine sulfate was the reference drug. (8)
Wound Healing / Antioxidant: Study showed antioxidant and wound healing activities: increase in wound contraction rate, tensile strength, granuloma breaking strength, collagen content and hydroxyproline content. (9)
Antiviral / Cytotoxicity: Study of fruit juice of M citrifolia displayed marked cytotoxicity in lymphocyte (MT-4) cells and inhibition of HCV subgenomic replicon replication in Huh 5-2 cells. (10)
Apoptosis-Inducing Effects/ Cytotoxicity: Results showed an anti-growth effect from induction of apoptosis. Study showed noni may be useful in the treatment of breast cancer either on its own or in combination with doxorubicin. (11)
Antidyslipidemic: Study of extracts of leaves, roots, and fruits showed antidyslipidemic effects in rat models mediated through the inhibition of biosynthesis, absorption and secretion of lipids, possibly, partly due to the presence of antioxidant constituents in the plant. (13)
Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: In a preliminary, prospective, randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial, a noni extract was showed to have an antiemetic and prophylactic property, effectively reducing the incidence of early postoperative nausea (0-6 hours). (15)
Weak Estrogenic Activity: Noni appears to restore normal menstrual cycle and alleviate menstrual symptoms. Study showed M. citrifolia has very low potency in comparison to estradiol, suggesting its beneficial effects of are not closely linked to estrogen-mediated action. (16)
Noni Combined with Physiotherapy / Cervical Spondylosis: Study showed Noni combined with physiotherapy to be an efficacious in the management of neck pain and stiffness in patients with cervical spondylosis. (17)
Antioxidant / Wound Healing / Leaves: Study of Mc leaves was done on experimental wounds and lipid peroxide levels in rats. There was a significant increase in wound contraction rate, skin breaking strength reflecting increased collagen levels. Results showed aqueous extract of leaves enhances wound healing and possess antioxidant activity. (20)
Cytotoxicity: Study of ethanolic extract of fruit showed cytotoxicity in human cells only at high concentration. Cytostatic activity against HeLa and CFFK cells was seen at concentration (CC50) of more than 100 ug/ml. (24)
Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study: A subchronic oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats showed a no-observed-adverse-effect level at 5000 mg/kg body weight/day. (25)
Noni-Based Skin Care Regimen: A six-week clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of a noni based skin care regimen substantiated the traditional uses of the plant for skin health improvement. There was significant improvement in fine lines and wrinkles, skin elasticity, and firmness within two weeks of product use. (26)
Protective in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment: Study investigated the effect of Noni fruit on memory, cerebral blood flow, oxidative stress and AChE activity in scopolamine-induced amnesia model. Results showed an ethanolic extract of fruit and its chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions significantly improved memory and CBF. It also showed dose-dependent inhibition of AChE activity in vitro. (27)
Protective in Beta-Amyloid Induced Cognitive Dysfunction: Study was done to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of an EA extract of fruits on beta-amyloid peptide induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Results showed a significant increase in short-term memory and long-term memory, a significant reduction of ACh activity, a significant increase in levels of serotonin and dopamine in various treatment groups. (28)
Hypoglycemic / Hepatoprotective: Fermented fruit juice was studied for hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects in diabetes-induced rats. Results showed significant reduction in blood glucose level. Untreated diabetic animals revealed significant fatty degeneration of the liver. (29)
Review / Anticancer: Review investigated the relationship of noni juice or its extracts (fruit, leaves, or root) to anticancer and/or immunostimulant properties. Of 19 studies actually related to cancer, seven were in vitro cancer studies, nine were in vivo animal studies, and three were in vivo human cancer studies.
From the in vitro studies, suggestion is made of a 'concentrated component' that may (1) stimulate the immune system to 'possibly' help the body fight cancer, and (2) kill a small percentage (0-36%) of cancer cells. Nine animal studies suggest a concentrated component that may stimulate the immune system. Two human studies suggest reduction of pain perception without reversal of advanced cancer in one, while the other showed decreased aromatic DNA adducts and decreased plasma superoxide anion radicals and lipid peroxide in smokers. (30)
Anti-Photoaging Effect / Seeds: Tyrosinase inhibitors may be useful in the prevention of pigmented spots. Anti-melanogenesis activity of noni was done using an in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay with 50% ethanol extract of fruit flesh, leaves, and seeds. The seed extract inhibited tyrosinase activity in a concentration dependent manner. The fruit extract showed weak activity, and a leaf extract showed no enzyme inhibition at any concentration. (31)
Safety in Patients Taking Chemotherapy: Study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of noni juice alone and in combination with selected chemotherapy. In cancer lines, noni juice alone did no exert cytotoxic effects, and decreased activity in combination with selected chemotherapy. Data suggest noni juice may not be safe to recommend in patients taking chemotherapy. (33)
No Efficacy as Anti-Inflammatory in Primary Dysmenorrhea: In a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trail in 100 university students, Noni did not show a reduction in menstrual pain or bleeding when compared to placebo. (34)
Safety Study on Noni Fruit Juice: Study of Tahitian Noni juice in 96 healthy volunteers showed drinking up to 750mL Tahitian juice per day is safe. (35)
Anti-Psychotic-like Activity: Study evaluated the antipsychotic effects of noni fruits using mouse models of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and methamphetamine-induced stereotypy (licking, biting, gnawing, sniffing). Results showed an antidopaminergic effect of Morinda citrifolia in mice, suggesting an anti-psychotic effect that may be utilized in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. (36)
Anthraquinone Content Concern: Concern regarding the possible content of anthraquinones in noni products has led to the scrutiny by the European Food Safety Authority. The production process (fermentation and juice production versus drying or lyophilization) has no effect on anthraquinone content. Study suggests that commercial noni products, whether fermented or unfermented juice or powder, should be derived only from fully ripe noni fruits, and any seed material should be removed during the production process. (39)
Juice Composition / Unexplained Benefits: Noni juice contains a low amount of oil (1.6 g.100 g-1 dry matter), with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (52.2 g.100 g-1 oil) including 31.4 g polyunsaturated fatty acids. A main characteristic is a high proportion of short-chain fatty acids C6 to C10 contributing to the unpleasant taste and odor of the juice. Despite many studies and analyses on noni juice and its derivatives, the fruit retains its health-giving and curing secrets. Studies suggest the product contains molecules with undeniable antioxidant properties and additional active molecules at a medicinal level such as certain alkaloids (xeronine), assumed, but never isolated or identified.  (40)
Antihypertensive: Study evaluated the antihypertensive effects and possible mechanisms of noni juice on medicinally diagnosed high blood pressure individuals, while not taking blood-pressure medications. Preliminary results suggest that noni fruit juice concentrate (NFJC) and Tahitian noni juice (TNJ) were able to lower blood pressure by inhibiting ACE enzymes and AT receptors. (41)
Enhanced Immune Response Against Lung Cancer / Leaves: In search for functional foods as complementary therapies against lung cancer, study evaluated the immuno-stimulatory properties of M. citrifolia leaves and compared it with the anti-cancer drug erlotinib. The extract significantly increased blood lymphocyte counts, spleen tissue B cells, T cells and natural killer cells, and reduced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a lung adenocarcinoma biomarker. It also suppressed COX2 inflammatory markers, and enhanced tumor suppressor gene. Extract contains phenolic compounds scopoletin and epicatechin. Results showed the leaf extract has promising potential as a complementary therapeutic dietary supplement which was more effective than erlotnib in suppressing lung adenocarcinoma. Mechanisms suggested were enhancement of immune response, suppression of proliferation and interference with various tumor signaling pathways. (42)
Acceleration of Oral Wound Healing / Leaves: Study evaluated the noni leaves as oral antibacterial agent against Streptococcus mutans and the role of a leaf extract gel on oral mucosal wound healing. Results showed noni leaves extract could help oral mucosal wound healing based on angiogenesis rate and fibroblast cell count. However, study suggests noni leaves is not sensitive against S. mutans but has an inhibitory effect on S. aureus. (43) Study determined the effect of M. citrifolia leaves extract on healing percentage of traumatic ulcer in the oral mucosa induced by hot burnisher on lower labial mucosa of rats. Results showed no significant effect on healing percentage. (99)
Antidiabetic Potential / Review: Review summarizes the anti-diabetic potential of noni, differences between traditional and modern use of noni, along with beneficial clinical studies of noni products and challenges in clinical translation of noni's health benefits. (44)
• Reduction of Inflammatory Cytokines / Intestinal Integrity in Experimental Colitis / Juice: Study investigated the effects of noni fruit juice in the treatment of C57BL/6 mice. Regardless of NFJ concentration, results showed decrease in both activity of myeloperoxidase and key inflammatory cytokines, TNF-
α and IFN-y in the intestine. Results suggest the potential of the juice as a source of anti-inflammatory molecules to inhibit the progression of inflammatory diseases, such as IBD. (46)
• Antifungal / Candida albicans / Fruit Extract: In vitro study evaluated the antifungal activity of M. citrifolia fruit extract on Candida albicans. At 1000 µg/ml concentration, M. citrifolia extract showed effective dose-dependent inhibition of C. albicans growth (16.6 ±0.3) compared to amphotericin (20.6 ± 0.6). (47)
• Anti-HIV / Cytotoxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated different leaf extracts for antiviral activity against replication of HIV-1 (IIIB) and HIV-2 (ROD) in MT4 cells. MC extracts exhibited a maximum protection of 8-58 against the replication of HIV-1 and -2 in acutely infected MT4 cells. A methanolic extract showed cytostatic activity against MT-4 cells (Adult T Cell Leukemia ) with CC50-51.20±15.74 µg/ml. (48)
• Assessment of Oral Short Term and Subchronic Toxicity / Genotoxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated the genotoxicity (mice bone marrow cells), short-term (1000 mg/k/day/28 days) and subchronic oral toxicity (100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg by oral route for 90 days) of aqueous extract of M. citrifolia leaves in Wistar rats. Genotoxicity and short-term toxicity test showed no toxicity at doses between 500 and 2000 mg/kg. 1000 mg/kg orally was the NOAEL for the extract. (49)
• Immunostimulant Activity on T and B Lymphocytes: Study evaluated the stimulatory effects of extracts and fractions of M. citrifolia fruits on T and B lymphocytes as components of the adaptive immune system. The hydroalcoholic extract and F1 fraction significantly increased humoral response 33.33 and 35.12%, respectively. Results confirmed the cellular and humoral immunostimulant properties of M. citrifolia fruits. (50)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of M. citrifolia leaf extracts. HPLC analysis of crude extract yielded rutin as a major compound together with small amounts of quercetin and kaempferol. Results showed the extract inhibited TNF-α secretion four times greater than dexamethasone and indomethacin. The extract also dose-dependently suppressed IL-1ß secretion and inhibited the NO secretion. Results demonstrate the potential of M. citrifolia leaves as therapeutic intervention against inflammatory diseases. (51)
• Enhancement of Osteogenic Differentiation and Matrix Mineralization / Leaves: Study of M. citrifolia aqueous leaf extract showed potential to promote osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells in vitro and suggests the potential therapeutic benefit in bone and periodontal tissue regeneration. (52)
• Diuretic / Fruit: Study evaluated the diuretic potential of noni fruit juice in saline primed Wistar albino rats. Results showed statistically significant dose-dependent increase in urine volume. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in sodium ion excretion. The increase in urine formation may be due to an aquaretic action of the fruit juice rather than a natriuretic effect. (53)
• Attenuation of Alcohol Craving / Potential for Alcohol Dependence / Fruit Juice: Study investigated the anticraving effect of Tahitian Noni juice against ethanol seeking behavior in ICR male mice using conditioned place preference (CPP) test. TNJ-treated mice showed a significant reduction in ethanol seeking. Results suggest a potential for the treatment of alcohol dependence. (54)
• Antimicrobial / Endodontic Irrigant: Study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of M. citrifolia juice and compared it with chlorhexidine (CHX) as endodontic irrigants and its effects of micro-hardness of root canal dentin. Results showed 0.2% CHX with the highest antimicrobial activity. 6% MCJ also showed antibacterial activity, but to a lesser degree than chlorhexidine. None showed effect on the micro-hardness of dentin. (55)
• Amelioration of Methotrexate Effects: MTX is widely used as an anticancer drug. Study evaluated M. citrifolia aqueous extract for it modulating effects on MTX-induced toxicities. Results showed treatment with Noni restored decreased platelet count, revision of enhanced lipid peroxides, and reversal of various biochemical alterations. Preliminary study provided evidence of amelioration of MTX-mediated side effects. (56)
• Dermal Toxicity Study / Fruit Extract: Study evaluated the in vivo acute and subacute dermal toxicity of ethanolic extract of M. citrifolia fruit extract. The extract did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality at 2000 and 5000 mg/kbw single doses. In repeated dose 28-day study at 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kbw/d revealed no significant change (p<0.05) in body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters, with no observed morphological organ alteration. (57)
• Reduction of Cancer Risk in Current Smokers / Reduction of (MDA)-DNA Adducts / Fruit: Carcinogenic MDA-DNA adducts are sensitive biomarkers for cancer risk. Results showed significant reduction of MDA-DNA adduct level in current smokers and suggest potential for reduction of cancer risk. (58)
• Drug Interactions: M. citrifolia is associated with moderate drug interactions. ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, etc) and ARB/angiotensin-receptor blockers (losartan, valsartan, telmisartan, etc) interact with NONI. Some blood pressure medications (ACE, ARB, and some diuretics) can increase the potassium levels in blood, and taking NONI juice can further increase potassium in the blood. Noni might also cause harm to the liver, and should not be taken with medications with potential liver effect (tylenol, INH, fluconazole, dilantin, statins, etc). Noni also interferes with coumadin's effect on blood clotting, and may increase the chances of blood clotting. (59)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Antipyretic / Antibacterial / Immunomodulatory: Alcoholic extract of Noni showed significant anti-inflammatory activity on a carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts showed dose related antipyretic and analgesic activity. Both extracts significantly reduced yeast induced pyrexia. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts did not show growth of any test bacteria at 40% dilution. Both HI titer and DTH responses showed alcoholic and aqueous extracts to have humoral as well as cellular immune modulatory activity. (60)
• Adjunct Therapy for Osteoarthritis / Pilot Study / Juice: A three-month open label intervention pilot study evaluated the tolerability and safety of noni juice in patients with OA in a primary care setting. Results showed that noni juice, as a nutritional supplement, demonstrated a potential therapeutic effect and improved the symptoms and quality of life of adults with OA. Results suggest further studies and a potential for NJ as adjunctive therapy for OA patients. (61)
• Effect on Gingivitis and Periodontitis / Fruit Juice: In vivo and in vitro experiments evaluated the effect of noni fruit juice on patients who suffered from gingivitis/periodontitis. Results showed combination of good oral hygiene administration of noni juice was a promising treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. NJ as additional treatment significantly mitigated gingival inflammation. (62)
• Seed Oil / Safety Studies / Anti-Inflammatory: Study showed noni seed oil is safe for topical use and is non-comedogenic. Results showed safety as raw material for cosmetic use and potential anti-inflammatory activity with dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes. (63)
• Inhibition of Gastric Emptying / CKK / Regulation of Gastric Motility: Study showed oral administration of noni inhibits gastric emptying which occurs concomitantly with increase in plasma CCK (cholecystokinin) concentration. Results suggest CCK1 receptors are involved int he noni-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and that both play important roles in the regulation of gastric motility. (64)
• Antibacterial / Effect on Mixing with Irreversible Hydrocolloid for Dental Impressions: A randomized controlled trial evaluated the used of M. citrifolia mixed with irreversible hydrocolloid powder in reducing microbial contamination during dental impression without affective the resulting casts. Results showed mixing the extract with the hydrocolloid powder is an alternative method to prevent contamination without sacrificing impression quality. (65)
• Antidiabetic / Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the anti-diabetic effect of M. citrifolia fruit juice in alloxan induced diabetic rats. While the group treated with M. citrifolia juice showed antidiabetic results, the best result was obtained by treatment with standard anti-diabetic drug i.e. metformin. (66)
• Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory / Commercial Noni Juice: Study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of commercial noni juice using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Study showed commercial noni juice has pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Inflammatory markers, endothelin-1 and leptin, were notably lower in noni-treated groups. (67)
• Antimicrobial / Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study evaluated petroleum ether and alcoholic extracts of leaves for antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity. The alcoholic extract showed significant antimicrobial activity comparable to standard drug tetracycline. The PE extract showed significant anthelmintic activity against adult Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. (68)
• Anti-Leishmanial / Reduction of Parasite Load / Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the in vivo activity of M. citrifolia fruit juice against Leishmania amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice. Study identified five compounds: deacetylasperulosidic acid, asperulosidic acid, rutin, nonioside B and nonioside C. Noni treatment decreased lesion size and parasitic load in infected footpads. There was also decreased inflammatory infiltrates and decreased cytokine expressions for IL-12, TNF-
α, TGF-ß, and IL-10. No toxicity was observed. (69)
• Metastasized Lung Cancer Suppression / Apoptotic Gene Activation: Study compared the macro and micro effects of M. citrifolia (noni) leaves on metastasized lung cancer in vitro and in vivo compared with FDA-approved anticancer drug Erlotinib. The extract inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in A549 cells and mouse Lewis (LL2) lung carcinoma cells in vitro, arrested cancer cell cycle at G0/G1 phases. Extract showed no toxicity. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549-induced BALB/c mice, there was significant increase in pro-apoptotic TRP53 genes, downregulation of pro-tumorigenesis genes, significantly increased anti-inflammatory IL4, IL10, and NR3C1 expression in metastasized lung and hepatic cancer tissues. The 300 mg/kg extract was more effective than the 50 mg/kg Erlotinib for most of the measured parameters. (70)
• Antimicrobial Herbal Root Canal Irrigants / Comparative Study: Successful root canal treatment involves the complete elimination of microorganisms from the root canal and three-dimensional obturation of the canal space. Enterococcus faecalis is the most common bacterial in failed root canal. Study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of herbal root irrigants i.e. Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Highest inhibitory zone against E. faecalis was seen with NaOCl followed by M. citrifolia and A. indica, and least by Aloe vera. (74)
• Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidative Effects / Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the hypoglycemic and antioxidative effects of M. citrifolia fruit juice (300 mg/kg) for 30 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The elevated levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, BUN and creatinine reverted to near normal.
Antioxidative effects may contribute to its hypoglycemic potential. Results were comparable to glycazide, a standard reference drug. (75)
• Cancer Preventive Effect: Study examined the hypothesis that Morinda citrifolia possess cancer preventive effect at the initiation stage of carcinogenesis. Preliminary data suggested that 10% Tahitian Noni Liquid Dietary Supplement for one week was able to prevent DMBA-DNA adduct formation. Levels of DMBA-DNA adducts were reduced by 30% in the heart, 41% in the lung, 42% in the liver, and 80% in the kidney of female SD rats. TNJ showed a dose-dependent inhibition of both LPO and SAR.
The mechanism by which TNJ prevents the formation of DMBA-DNA adducts is as follows: TNJ may inhibit phase I enzyme activity while enhancing phase II enzyme and DNA repair enzyme activities. The interactions of carcinogens, oxygen free radicals, and LPO may be changed by TNJ. Study suggests the prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity of TNJ may contribute to the cancer preventive effect of M. citrifolia. (76)
• Effect on Vas Deferens Contractility / Scopoletin and Rutin: Study evaluated the effect of a methanolic extract of M. citrifolia and its bioactive principle, scopoletin and rutin, on dopamine- and noradrenaline-evoked contractility in isolated rat vas deferens preparations. Scopoletin and rutin hydrate dose-dependently inhibited contractility evoked by submaximal concentrations of both dopamine and nordrenaline. Results suggest the bioactive principles, scopoletin and rutin, may be responsible for the antidopaminergic and antiadrenergic activities of MMC. (77)
• Wound Healing / Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the wound healing activity of M. citrifolia fruit juice using an excision wound model in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Results showed 73% reduction in wound area (p<0.001), significant increases in weight of granulation tissue (p<0.001) and hydroxyproline content (p<0.001, 92.16 ± 4.02). Histological exam showed faster laying down of collagen. There was 29% reduction of fasting blood glucose. There was good correlation between wound contraction rate and blood glucose values. (78)
• Antiviral / Anti-Hepatitis C / Leaves: Study of a methanol extract of M. citrifolia, its n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions using a HCV cell culture system demonstrated anti-HCV activities with 50%-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 20.6, 6.1, and 6.6 µg/mL, respectively. Bioactivity guided purification and analysis isolated and identified pheophorbide a, the major catabolite of chlorophyll a, as the anti-HCV compound in the extracts. It was found to possess anti-HCV activity (IC50=0.2 µg/,L). Results suggest pheophorbide a and its related compounds have potential as candidates for seed compounds for development of antivirals against HCV. (79)
Potential in Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction / Review: Review summarizes the clinical effects and the important signaling pathways in in vivo and in vitro assays of potent bioactive compounds present in the noni plant, which have been reported in studies on obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. (80)
Effect in the Management of Pain and Stiffness of Cervical Spondylosis: Study evaluated the effectiveness of Noni juice in combination with selected physiotherapy modalities in the management of neck pain and stiffness in patients with cervical spondylosis. Results showed significant reduction in pain intensity and improved neck flexibility (ROM). There was greater reduction in pain and improved ROM in the group that received Noni combined with physiotherapy. Results suggest potential for incorporation of Noni into treatment programs of physiotherapy for degenerative conditions of the spine. (81)
Anti-Angiogenic / Scopoletin / Fruits and Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-angiogenic effect of M. citrifolia fruits and leaves in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The methanol extract of fruits and leaves and chloroform fraction of fruit methanolic extract showed potential anti-angiogenic activity, with more potency when compared to suramin. Scopoletin was identified as one of the chemical constituents that may be partly responsible for the anti-angiogenic activity of the fruits. (82)
Hepatoprotective / Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity / Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the protective effects of Noni fruit juice on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in female Sprague Dawley rats. Pretreatment with 20% Noni juice in drinking water + CCL4 markedly reduced hepatotoxic lesions, with significantly lower ALT and AST. Results suggest Noni juice is effective in protecting the liver from extrinsic toxin exposure. (83)
Silver Nanoparticles / Antimicrobial / Leaves: Study reports on synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Morinda citrifolia. The AgNPs were tested against human pathogens like E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, E. aerogenes, B. cereus and Enterococcus sp. Results showed moderate activity against human pathogens. (85)
Effect on High Fat Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia / Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the effects of Noni fruit juice of serum lipid profile in high fat diet induced murine model of dyslipidemia. Noni fruit juice was administered orally, 50 and 100 mg/kbw, compared with standard atorvastatin for 30 days. Results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides ad VLDL at both doses (p<0.05). (87)
Potential as Anticancer Agent / Review: A systematic review collated scientific evidence on the anticancer properties of M. citrifolia yielding a total of 51 clinical and preclinical studies comprising 41 efficacy and 10 safety studies. Findings showed M. citrifolia demonstrated various anticancer properties in different cancer models via multiple mechanisms and deemed it a potentially valuable medicinal plant in the treatment of cancer through its many intrinsic pathways. Further well-designed and preclinical efficacy and safety studies were suggested. (88)
Wound Healing / Anti-Inflammatory / Antioxidant / Leaves
: Study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities of M. citrifolia leaf extract. The extract was active against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, and demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 of 133.99 and 70.21 µg/mL, respectively. The extract showed wound healing effects in mice via reduction of wound area and histological regeneration. The extract caused negligible skin irritation on rabbit skin. (see constituents above) (89)
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition: Study evaluated the pharmacognostic properties, phytochemical analysis, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Noni from three different locations. The noni fruit extract from Bogor exhibited potential activity in inhibiting ACE with IC50 of 206.26 µg/mL. (see constituents above) (90)
• Effect on Collagen Deposition on the Skin: In vitro, in vivo, and human studies reveal there are multiple mechanisms of action through which noni juice promotes collagen synthesis and inhibits collagen degradation. Effects include reduced plasma reactive oxygen species in cigarette smokers, lower skin glycation levels in overweight and obese adults, reduced skin glycation levels among noni juice consumers within the general population. The procollagen properties of noni juice aid wound healing, increase skin elasticity, and improve the overall appearance of the skin. (91)
• Effect of Concentration and Use-Time on Liver and Renal Toxicity: Study investigated the concentrations of 10% and 50% of Morinda citrifolia and usage time on renal and hepatic toxicity in wistar rats. The fruit juice of M. citrifolia at concentration of 50% causes damage to liver and kidney function, being able to induce development of non-alcoholic liver disease, regardless of usage time. Alterations of hepatic and renal markers are directly proportional to usage time and dose-concentration. (92)
• Potential in Endodontics: Review on Morinda citrifolia has shown a wide range of uses in endodontics and in eradication of endodontic pathogens without potential side effects. The MC juice can can be used as an endodontic irrigant along with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as adjuvant to sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine (CHX) due to better smear layer removal properties and antimicrobial activity. It also helps in caries prevention and control, which is the main crux of endodontic treatment. Its advantages compared with sodium hypochlorite and CHX suggest potential for use i the field of endodontics. (93)
• Inhibition of Endocannabinoid Degradation Enzymes: Study evaluated the ability of MC fruit juice to inhibit the two major endocannabinoid degradation enzymes in vitro. Noni fruit juice inhibited both fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting it may help maintain anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol levels. Puree samples were screened for noni fruit phytochemical markers: scopoletin, rutin, quercetin, deacetylasperulosidic acid and asperulosidic acid; scandoside was reported for the first time from noni juice. The compounds may contribute to FAAH and MAGL inhibiting activity of the juice. Results suggest another set of mechanism by which it supports mental health, maintain joint health, relieve discomfort, and modulate the immune system. (94)
• Antiproliferative / Antioxidative / Leaves: Study evaluated extract of leaves of M. citrifolia against human cancer cell lines: KB (human epidermoid carcinoma), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cell lines as well as a Vero (African green monkey kidney) cell line, using MTT method and comparing it to damnacanthal, rutin, and scopoletin. The DCM extract of dried leaves exhibited cytotoxicity against KB cell line with IC50 of 39.00 µg/ml. Rutin and scopoletin showed antiprolifeative effects on all cancer cell lines (IC50s 103 to >600 µg/ml). Results suggest Thai noni extracts Thai extracts may be safer than pure extracts, due to higher safety ratios, a good indicator for possible cancer treatment. Several non-aqueous leaf extracts showed antioxidant properties with IC50 0.20-0.35 mg/ml. Results suggest benefit as food supplement for chemoprevention against epidermoid and cervical cancers. (95)
• Antihypertensive / Fruit: Noni fruit contains scopoletin and xeronin compounds that play a role in as antihypertensive. Study evaluated the effectiveness of noni fruit extract in controlling hypertension in wistar rats with epinephrine-induced hypertension. Results showed noni fruit extract can provide antihypertensive effects. In vitro, there was average decrease in BP by 53.5 compared to captopril 25.5 mm Hg. (96)
• Hypocholesterolemia / Fruit Extract Capsule / Clinical Trial: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of 60 subjects evaluated the effect of M. citrifolia fruit capsules on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in hypercholesterolemic patients. Results showed a significant decrease in TC (p<0.05) and LDL-C. Results suggest 1 g MCC, given 3x daily, significantly reduces TC and LDL-C in patients with hypercholesterolemia. (97)
• Anxiolytic / Roots: Noni root extract has been shown sedative and analgesic properties. Study evaluated the M. citrifolia for anxiolytic effects using elevated-plus maze (EPM) test in rats. Results showed two commercial sources of noni juices had marked effect on anxiety-related behavioral parameter on EPM in rat. Effect was comparable to diazepam. There was no detrimental effect on liver or kidney functions with 30-day feeding of noni juice. (98)
• Shelf Life of Fruit Juice: Study evaluated the shelf life of fruit juice grown in Sri Lanka in measures of decomposition of chemical compound/s, growth of microbes, and organoleptic properties of MC juice at initial stage and after 6 months. Results showed M. citrifolia fruit juice can be kept at room temperature without chemical deterioration and microbial contamination for 6 months. (100)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Juices and various noni products in the cybermarket.


Updated January 2023 / June 2021 / May 2018 / September 2017 / April 2016


PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photo ©Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Digitally modified / Public Domain / File:Morinda citrifolia Blanco1.52-original.png / Flora DE Filipinas / 1880 - 1883 / Francisco Manuel Blanco (O.S.A) / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Morinda citrifolia / Noni fruits and flowers / Michael Hermann / Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported / click on image to go to source page / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / Este es el fruto del arbol de Morinda citrifolia, conocido coloquialmente como Noni / File:Morinda citrifolia Fruit.jpg / Wilfredo Rodriguez / 2008 / GNU Free Documentation License / Wikimedia Commons / Image modifications by G. Stuart

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Cancer Preventive Effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni)
/ M Y Wang and C Su /
(2)
The Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity of Certain Indian Medicinal Plants In Vitro: A Preliminary Study / Ganesh Chandra Jagetia et al / Journal of Medicinal Food. Fall 2004, 7(3): 343-348. doi:10.1089/jmf.2004.7.343.
(3)
Great Morinda • Morinda citrifolia / Ria Tan, 2001
(4)
Herbal hepatotoxicity: acute hepatitis caused by a Noni preparation (Morinda citrifolia) / Millonig Gunda et al / European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology: • April 2005 - Volume 17 - Issue 4 - pp 445-447
(5)
Noni / Wikipedia
(6)
HEALTH BENEFITS OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA: TAHITIAN NONI JUICE / Harrison Mona MD /
(7)
Antispasmodic and vasodilator activities of Morinda citrifolia root extract are mediated through blockade of voltage dependent calcium channels / Anwarul Hassan Gilani et al /
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2010, 10:2doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-2
(8)
ANALGESIC EFFECT OF THE ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT FROM THE FRUITS OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA / T Punjanon and P Nandhasri / URL www.actahort.org
(9)
Wound Healing and Antioxidant Activities of Morinda citrifolia Leaf Extract in Rats / Vijaykumar Pandurang Rasal et al / Iranian Journal of Pharm and Therapeutics | January 2008 | vol. 7 | no. 1 | 49-52
(10)
Studies of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of Wrightia tinctoria and Morinda citrifolia / P selvam et al / Indian J Pharm Sci 2009;71:670-2 / DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.59550
(11)
Apoptosis-inducing effects of Morinda citrifolia L. and doxorubicin on the Ehrlich ascites tumor in Balb-c mice / Elif lkay Takn et al / Cell Biochemistry and Function • Volume 27 Issue 8, Pages 542 - 546
(12)
EFFECT OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA (LINN.) ON PHASE I AND II DRUG METABOLISM AND ITS MOLECULAR MECHANISM ELUCIDATION IN RAT LIVER / Mahfoudh Al-Musli Mohammed / Thesis
(13)
Studies on antidyslipidemic effects of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit, leaves and root extracts / Saf-ur Rehman Mandukhail, Nauman Aziz, and Anwarul-Hassan Gilani / Lipids Health Dis. 2010; 9: 88. / doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-9-88
(14)
Noni / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
(15)
Morinda citrifolia Linn. for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting / Prapaitrakool S, Itharat A. / J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Dec;93 Suppl 7:S204-9.
(16)
MORINDA CITRIFOLIA HAS VERY WEAK ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN VIVO / Supornpim Chearskul, Suwattanee Kooptiwut, Santipong Chatchawalvanit et al / THAI JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 17 (No.1, April 2004) Page 22-29
(17)
Comparative study of the effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) with selected physiotherapy modalities in the management of patients with cervical spondylosis / SRA Akinbo, CC Noronha, AO Okanlawon, MA Denesi / Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences > Vol 5, No 2 (2006)
(18)
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA LINN.(NONI) / Fouzia Abdul Sattar / Pakistan Research Repository
(19)
Extraction of anti-cancer damnacanthal from roots of Morinda citrifolia by subcritical water / Thitiporn Anekpankul, Motonobu Goto et al /
(20)
Wound Healing and Antioxidant Activities of Morinda citrifolia Leaf Extract in Rats / VIJAYKUMAR PANDURANG RASAL, ARULMOZHI SINNATHAMBI, PURNIMA ASHOK and SRIDHAR YESHMAINA / IJPT 7:49-52, 2008
(21)
Anti Cancer Activity of Morinda Citrifolia
/ Scientific Studies and News
(22)
Sorting Morinda names / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher, / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE
(23)
EFFECT OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA (LINN.) ON PHASE I AND II DRUG METABOLISM AND ITS MOLECULAR MECHANISM ELUCIDATION IN RAT LIVER / Mahfoudh-Al-Musli Mohammed / Thesis / UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2006
(24)
STUDIES ON CYTOSTATIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L NONI FRUIT / Periyasamy Selvam, E De Clercq / Int. J. Pharm & Ind. Res, Vol - 01, No 03 Jul - Sep 2011
(25)
Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu) in Spraque Dawley Rats
/ Rosly S M et al / Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 34 (2): 341 - 349 (2011) © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
(26)
Efficacy of a Morinda citrifolia Based Skin Care Regimen / Brett J. West and Rachel A. Sabin / Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(3): 310-314, 2012
(27)
Protective effect of fruits of Morinda citrifolia L. on scopolamine induced memory impairment in mice: a behavioral, biochemical and cerebral blood flow study. / Pachauri SD, Tota S, Khandelwal K, Verma PR, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R, Saxena JK, Dwivedi AK. / J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jan 6;139(1):34-41. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
(28)
Protective effect of Morinda citrifolia fruits on beta-amyloid (25-35) induced cognitive dysfunction in mice: an experimental and biochemical study. / Muralidharan P, Kumar VR, Balamurugan G./ Phytother Res. 2010 Feb;24(2):252-8.
(29)
Hypoglycemic and Hepatoprotective Activity of Fermented Fruit Juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) in Diabetic Rats / B. Shivananda Nayak, Julien R. Marshall, Godwin Isitor, and Andrew Adogwa / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2011 (2011) / doi:10.1155/2011/875293
(30)
Anticancer activity of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit: a review.
/ Brown AC. / Phytother Res. 2012 Oct, 26(10):1427-40 / doi: 10.1002/ptr.4595. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
(31)
Study of the Anti-Photoaging Effect of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) / Hideaki Matsuda, Megumi Masuda, Kazuya Murata, Yumi Abe and Akemi Uwaya / DOI: 10.5772/53621
(32)
Bioactive constituents in ethanolic extract leaves and fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia
/ Rivera A*, Cedillo L, Hernández F, Castillo V, Sánchez A,, Castañeda D / Annals of Biological Research, 2012, 3 (2):1044-1049
(33)
Evaluation of the Hepatic Metabolism and Antitumor Activity of Noni Juice (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Combination with Chemotherapy / Katherine Santiago, Anjali Gaikwad, Larry Coffer II, and Judith A. Smith . Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, Vol 8, No 3 (Summer), 2010: p. 89
(34)
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) as an Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhoea: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial / H. M. Fletcher, J. Dawkins, C. Rattray, G. Wharfe, M. Reid, and G. Gordon-Strachan / Obstetrics and Gynecology International, Volume 2013 (2013) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/195454
(35)
A Double-Blind Clinical Safety Study of Noni Fruit Juice / Brett J. West, Leland D. White, , C. Jarakae Jensen, Afa K. Palu / PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG 2009, VOL. 15, NO. 2
(36)
Antipsychotic-like activity of Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) in mice / Vijayapandi Pandy*, Megala Narasingam and Zahurin Mohamed / BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:186 /
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-186
(37)
Morinda citrifolia L / KEW: Plants of the World Onlline
(38)
Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A comprehensive review on its industrial uses, pharmacological activities, and clinical trials / Reem Abou Assi, Yusrida Darwis, Ibrahim M. Abdulbaqi, Arshad A. khan, Lim Vuanghao, M.H. Laghari / Arabian Journal of Chemistry / doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.018
(39)
Anthraquinone Content in Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) / Rainer W. Bussmann, Lothar Hennig, Athanassios Giannis, Jutta Ortwein, Toni M. Kutchan, and Xi Feng / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2013 (2013) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/208378
(40)
Detailed study of the juice composition of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruits from Cambodia / Thavarith CHUNHIENG, Ly HAY, Didier MONTET* / Fruits, 2005, vol. 60, p. 13–24 / DOI: 10.1051/fruits:2005008
(41)
The Effects of Morinda citrifolia L. Noni on High Blood Pressure: A Mechanistic Investigation and Case Study
/ Afa Kehaati Palu, Raevonne A. Santiago, Brett J. West, Norman Kaluhiokalani, and Jarakae Jensen / Functional Food and Health, Chapter 39, pp 446–453 / Chapter DOI: 10.1021/bk-2008-0993.ch039
(42)
Morinda citrifolia edible leaf extract enhanced immune response against lung cancer / Swee-Ling Lim, Yong-Meng Goh, M. Mustapha Noordin, Heshu S. Rahman, Hemn H. Othman, Nurul Ain Abu Bakar and Suhaila Mohamed* / Food Funct., 2016,7, 741-751 / DOI: 10.1039/C5FO01475A
(43)
Effectiveness of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Leaves Extract Gel as Standardized Traditional Medicine to Accelerate Oral Mucosa Wound Healing on Wistar Rats / E.R. Yuslianti, I.P. Rahmayani Sabirin and Afifah B. Sutjiatmo / Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2014, Vol 8, Issue 4, Pp156-16 / DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2014.156.166
(44)
Review: Anti-Diabetic Potential of Noni: The Yin and the Yang / Pratibha V. Nerurkar *, Phoebe W. Hwang and Erik Saksa /
Molecules 2015, 20, 17684-17719; doi:10.3390/molecules201017684
(45)
Detailed study of the juice composition of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruits from Cambodia
/ Thavarith CHUNHIENG, Ly HAY, Didier MONTET* / Fruits, Vol. 60 (1), 2005
(46)
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit Juice Reduces Inflammatory Cytokines Expression and Contributes to the Maintenance of Intestinal Mucosal Integrity in DSS Experimental Colitis / Beatriz Coutinho de Sousa, Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira et al / Mediators of Inflammation, Volume 2017 (2017) /
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6567432
(47)
Anti-fungal activity of Morinda citrifolia (noni) extracts against Candida albicans: An in vitro study / K Barani, Sunayana Manipal, D Prabu, Adil Ahmed, Preethi Adusumilli, C Jeevika / Indian Journal of Dental Research (2014) Vol 25, Issue 2: pp 188-190
(48)
STUDIES ON ANTI-HIV ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF LEAF OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L / PERIYASAMY SELVAM* / Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 8(1), 2010, 249-252
(49)
Safety evaluation of Morinda citrifolia (noni) leaves extract: assessment of genotoxicity, oral short term and subchronic toxicity / Alicia Lagarto, Viviana Bueno, Nelson Merino, Janet Piloto, Odalys Valdes, Guillermo Aparicio, Addis Bellma, Micaela Couret, Yamile Vega. / J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 2(1): 15-22 / doi10.5455/jice.20121024080939
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Immunostimulant activity of noni (Morinda citrifolia) on T and B lymphocytes / Smita Nayak & Sushma Mengi / Pharmaceutical Biology, Vol 48, Issue 7 (2010) / http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880200903264434
(51)
Anti-inflammatory effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells / Aurasorn Saraphanchotiwitthaya∗, Pattana Sripalakit / ScienceAsia 41 (2015): 5–11 / doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2015.41.005
(52)
Morinda citrifolia Leaf Enhances In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation and Matrix Mineralization by Human Periodontal Ligament Cells / Kanitsak Boonanantanasarn, Kajohnkiart Janebodin*, Prapan Suppakpatana, Tawepong Arayapisit, Panjit Chunhabundit, Jit-Aree Rodsutthi, Orapin Termvidchakorn and Wanida Sripairojthikoon / Dentistry 2:130. / doi:10.4172/2161-1122.1000130
(53)
AN EVALUATION OF DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA (LINN) (NONI) FRUIT JUICE IN NORMAL RATS / JNANESHWAR P SHENOY, PREETHI G PAI, AHSAN SHOEB, P GOKUL, AVDHOOT KULKARNI, MS KOTIAN / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011; Vol 3, Issue 2: pp 119-121 / ISSN: 0975-1491
(54)
Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice attenuates the rewarding effect of ethanol in conditioned place preference in mice / Vijayapandi Pandy and Yasmin Khan / Exp. Anim. 65(4), 437–445, 2016
(55)
Comparative evaluation of Morinda citrifolia with chlorhexidine as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants and their effect on micro-hardness of root canal dentin: An in vitro study / A R Prabhakar, Priyanka Basavraj, N Basappa / International Journal of Oral Health Sciences (2013) Vol 3, Issue 1, pp 5-9
(56)

Protective effect of Morinda citrifolia L. (fruit extract) on methotrexate-induced toxicities—hematological and biochemical studies / Bhakti A Mhatre and Thankamani Marar / Cogent Biology, 2(1), 2016 / https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2016.1207879
(57)
ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY STUDIES OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L. FRUIT EXTRACT IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS / Ali Khairullah Zahi, Hazilawati Hamzah, Hutheyfa S, Mohd Rosly Shaari Shaari, Shanmugavelu Sithambaram, Hemn Hasan Othman / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, March-April 2015; Vol 8, Issue 2 / ISSN: 0974-2441
(58)
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit juice lowers cancer risk in current smokers by reducing Malondialdehyde (MDA)-DNA adducts / Mian-Ying WangLin PengNawal LutfiyyaVicki Weidenbacher-HoperJoella  WarnerGary AndersonEric Henley and Eric Henley / AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA / Cancer Research
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Noni: Drug Interactions/ WebMD
(60)
Studies on anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) in experimental animals / Dr R K Sharma and Dr. Varshs Sharma / WNRF Technical Bulletin: 08, Sept 2011
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Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) improves the Quality of Life in adults with Osteoarthritis / Mian-Ying Wang, M. Nawal Lutfiyya, Vicki Weidenbacher-Hoper, Lin Peng, Martin S. Lipsky, and Gary Anderson / Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2011, 1(2):75-90 Page 75 of 90
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Effect of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit juice on gingivitis/periodontitis / Jonas Glang, Wolfgang Falk, Johannes Westendorf* / Modern Research in Inflammation, Vol.2, No.2, 21-27 (2013) / http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/mri.2013.22003
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Noni Seed Oil Topical Safety, Efficacy, and Potential Mechanisms of Action / Afa K. Palu, Brett J. West, C. Jarakae Jensen / Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2012, 2, pp 74-78 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2012.22017
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Effects of Juice from Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on Gastric Emptying in Male Rats / Hsiao-Fung Pu, Wei-Ju Huang, Wen-Min Tseng, Shyi-Wu Wang,Yu-Wen Liu, Ming-Long Doong, and Paulus S. Wang* / Chinese Journal of Physiology 47(4): 169-174, 2004 169
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Antibacterial efficacy and effect of Morinda citrifolia L. mixed with irreversible hydrocolloid for dental impressions: A randomized controlled trial / A Shafath Ahmed,  P David Charles,  R Cholan,  M Russia,  R Surya,  L Jailance / Journal of Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences (2015) Vol 7, Issue 6; pp 597-599
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Studies of Anti-Diabetic Effect of Morinda citrifolia Fruit Juice on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat / Nitin D. Jadhav, Debi P. Mishra*, Abhinna K. Behera, Sudhir R. Rajurkar and Bhagirath V. Ballurkar / Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2017) 6(4): 2021-2028 / https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.239
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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of a commercial noni juice revealed by carrageenan-induced paw edema / N. Yilmazer, C. Coskun, E. Gurel-Gurevin, I. Yaylim, E.H. Eraltan, E.I. Ikitimur-Armutak / Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Vol. 19, No. 3 (2016), 589–595 / DOI 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0074
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Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anthelmintic Activity of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni)
/ Khuntia Tapas Kumar*, Panda D. S., Nanda U. N., Khuntia S. / Int.J. PharmTech Res.2010,2(2)
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Morinda citrifolia Linn. Reduces Parasite Load and Modulates Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in C57BL/6 Mice Infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis / Fernando Almeida-Souza, Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso, Bruno Vinicius da Conceição Souza, Tânia Zaverucha do Valle, Joicy Cortez de Sá, Iara dos Santos da Silva Oliveira, Celeste da Silva Freitas de Souza, Carla Junqueira Moragas Tellis, Maria do Socorro dos Santos Chagas, Maria Dutra Behrens, Ana Lúcia Abreu-Silva, Kátia da Silva Calabrese  / PLOS: Neglected Tropical Diseases / https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004900
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Metastasized lung cancer suppression by Morinda citrifolia (Noni) leaf compared to Erlotinib via anti-inflammatory, endogenous antioxidant responses and apoptotic gene activation. / Lim SL, Mustapha NM, Goh YM, Bakar NA, Mohamed S / Mol Cell Biochem. 2016 May;416(1-2):85-97. doi: 10.1007/s11010-016-2698-x. Epub 2016 Apr 22
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Noni (Morinda citrifolia) / Karen Pilkington and the CAM-Cancer Consortium / CAM-CANCER
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The noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.): A revuew if agricultural researcgm nutritional and therapeutic properties . Yanine-Chan Blanco et al / Journal of Food Coomposition and Analysis, Sept-Nov 2006; 19(6-7): pp 645-654 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.10.001
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Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening of active compounds in Morinda citrifolia fruit / Sridevi Nagalingam, Changam Sheela Sasikumar, and Kotturathu Mammen Cherian / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2012; 5(2) / ISSN: 0974-2441
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Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial effect of herbal root canal irrigants (Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera) with sodium hypochloriteL An in vitro study / Prashant Babaji, Kiran Jagtap, Himani Lau, Nandita Bansal / Journal of International Preventive and Community Dentistry, May-June 2016; 6(3): pp 196-199 / PMD: 27382533 / DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.183104
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Biochemical evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats / U S Mahadeva Rao and S Subramanian / Medical Chemistry Research, 2009; 18: pp 433-446 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-008-9140-1
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Cancer Preventive Effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) / M Y Wang and C Su / Annals New York Academy of Sciences
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Effect of Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn) Fruit and Its Bioactive P)rinciples Scopoletin and Rutin on Rat Vas Deferens Contractility: An Ex Vivo Stiudy / Vihayapandi Pandy, Megala Narasingam, Thubasni Kunasegaran, Dharmani Devi Murugan, and Zahurin Mohamed / The Scientific World Journal, Vol 2014: Article ID 909586 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/909586
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Wound-healing activity of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice on diabetes-induced rats / B S Nayak, G N Isitor, A Maxwell, V Bhogadi, D D Ramdath / Journal of Wound Care, 2007; 16(2) /
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2007.15.2.27006
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Antiviral activity of extracts from Morinda citrifolia leaves and chlorophyll catabolites, pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a, against hepatitis C virus / Suranno Lulut Ratnoglik et al / Microbiology and Immunology / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12133
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Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Noni) and Its Potential in Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction / Aline Carla Inada, Priscila Silva Figueiredo, Rosangela Aparecida dos Santos-Eichler, Rita de Cassia Avellaneda Guimaraes et al / Nutrients, 2017; 9(6) / DOI: 10.3390/nu9060540
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Comparative study of the effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) with Selected Physiotherapy Modalities in the Management of Patients with Cervical Spondylosis / S R A Akinbo, C C Noronha, A O Okanlawon and M A Danesi / Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Jul-Dec 2006; 5(2): pp 6-11
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Anti-angiogenic activity of Morinda citrifolia extracts and its chemical constituents / Hooi-Kheng Beh, Lay-Jing Seow, Mohd Zaini Asmawi, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid et al / Natural Products Research, 2012; 26(16) / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.562208
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Liver Protective Effects of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) / Mian-Ying Wang, Diane Nowicki, Gary Anderson, Jarakae Jensen, Brett West / Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2008; 63: pp 59-63 / DOI: 10.1007/s11130-008-0070-3
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Suggested reading: Studies on Physico-Chemical Properties of Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia) and Preparation of Noni Beverages / A A Joshi, Chilkawar P M, Jadhav B A / International Journal of Food Scienve, Nutrition and Dietetics (IJFS) / ISSN: 2326-3350
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Phyto-synthesis of silver nanoscale particles using Morinda citrifolia L. and its inhibitory activity against human pathogens / Gnanasekar Sathishkumar, ChandrakasanGobinath,Sivaperumal Sivaramakrishnan et al / Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, June 2012; 95: pp 235-240 /
DOI: https://doi.org/10/1016/j.colsurfb.2012.03.001
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Morinda / Wikipedia
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Effect of Morinda citribolia (Noni) Fruit Juice on High Fat Diet Induced Dyslipidemia in Rats / Ahsan Shoeb, M C Alwar, Preethi J Shenoy, P Gokul / Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, 2016; 10(4): pp 6-10 / PMID: 27190927 / DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/17900.7650
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Efficacy and Safety of Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) as a Potential Anticancer Agent / Hemahwathy Chanthira Kumar MSc; Xin Yi Lim, MPharmSce; Terence Yew Chin Tan, MPhar / Integrative Cancer Therapies /
DOI: 10.1177/15347354221132848
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Phytochemical Analysis and Wound Healing Activity of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Leaf Extract / Hai Trieu Ly, Minh Trang Pham Nguyen, Van Minh Le et al / Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2020, 26(4): pp 379-393 / DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2020.1748159
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Quality control standardization of Indonesian noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) extract and evaluuation of their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity / Rizna Triana Dewi, Gian Primahana, Abdi Wira Septama, Marrisa Angelina, Lia Meilawati, Sofa Fajriah, Gressty F Swandiny / Pharmacia, 2022; 69(3): pp 709-717 / DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e86854
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The Influence of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit Juice on Collagen Deposition in the Skin: A Minireview / Brett J West / Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2018; 6(9) / DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2018.69001
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Preclinical Study of Morinda citrifolia Linn. Concentration and Usage Time and its Liver and Renal Toxicity / Ana Laura Carvalho Achkar, Caroline Garcia Francisco, Tamara Veiga Faria et al / International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (IJMPNP), 2019; 5(4): pp 1-6 / eISSN: 2454-7999 /
DOI: 10.20431/ 2454-7999.05040001
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Morinda citrifolia: A Fruit to Future Endodontics / Hussain Mookhtiar, Vivek Hegde, Srilatha Shanmugasundaram / World Journal of Dentistry, 2018; 9(2): pp 145-148 /
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1524
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Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit Juice Inhibits Endocannabinoid Degradation Enzymes / Brett J West, Shixin Deng, C Jarakae Jensen / Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2019; 7(7) / pISSN: 2327-5081 / eISSN: 2327-509X / DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2019.77003
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Anti-Proliferative and Antioxidative Activities of Thai Noni / Yor (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) Leaf Extract / Wasina Thani, Omboon Vallisuta, Pongpan Siripong, Nongluck Ruangwises / Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2010; 41(2): pp 482-489
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Study in vitro and in silico on effectiveness noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia) to reducing hypertension / La Ode Abdul Haris Hijriansyah, Hermilasari Hermilasari, Supartina Hakim et al / JCANREA: Food Technology, Nutritions, and Culinary Journal, 2020; 3(2)  / DOI:  10.20956/canrea.v3i1.329 / eISSN: 2621-9468
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Effect of Morinda citrifolia Fruit Extract Capsule on Total Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia / Grace Santhy Sasnan, Endang Hanani, Jusuf Kristianto / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014; 13(8): pp 1319-1326 / tjpr.v13i8.17 / ISSN: 1596-5996
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Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) in Rats / Sarinee Kalandakanond, Jantarima Pandaranandaga, Siripen Komolvanich, Sutthasinee Poonyachoti / Journal of Basic and Applied Pharmacology, 2004; 26(2)
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The Effect of Noni Leaves Extract (Morinda citrifolia L) on Wound Healing Percentage of Traumatic Ulcer in Oral Mucosa of Wistar Rats (Rattus nnorvegicus) by In Vivo / Sri Rezeki, Sunnati, Nadia Vidirachmilla / Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2017; 10(4)
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Morinda citrifolia Linn Grown in Sri Lanka: Shelf Life of Fruit Juice / Shanti Kulathunga,  Arawwawala LDAM / American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2017; 4(2)

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