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Family Leguminosae / Fabaceae

Baai
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep
KUDZU

Ge gen

Scientific names Common names
Dolichos hirsutus Thunb. Baai (Ig.)
Dolichos hirsutus Thunb. Tahaunon (Mbo.)
Dolichos japonicus hort. Foot-a-night vine (Engl.)
Dolichos lobatus Willd. Ke hemp (Engl.)
Neustanthus chinensis Benth. Kudzu (Engl.)
Pachyrhizus thunbergiana Siebold & Zucc. Kudzu vine (Engl.)
Pueraria argyi H.Lev & Vaniot Mile-a-minute vine (Engl.)
Pueraria bodinieri H.Lev. & Vaniot Japanese arrowroot (Eng.)
Pueraria caerulea H.Lev. & Vaniot Pueraria root (Engl.)
Pueraria harmsii Rech.  
Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) Matsum.  
Pueraria koten H.Lev. & Vaniot  
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi  
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanj. & Prad.  
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi  
Pueraria neo-caledonica Harms  
Pueraria novo-guineensis Warb.  
Pueraria pseudo-hirsuta T.Tang & Wang  
Pueraria thunbergiana (Seibold & Zucc.) Benth.  
Pueraria triloba (Houtt.) Makino  
Pueraria volkensii WaHosok.  
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep is an accepted The Plant List

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Gan shu teng, Ge teng, Ye ge, Ge gen, Fen ge teng, Ko t'eng, Ko ten.
FINNISH: Purppurakudzu.
FIJI: Aka, Wa-yake, Yaka.
FRENCH: Kudzu, Nepalem, Vigne japonoise, Koudsou, Koudzou.
GERMANY: Kopoubohne.
INDONESIAN: Bitok, Ngu lok, Tebi, Tobi.
ITALIAN: Pueraria.
JAPANESE: Kuzu, Daisumame, Fusi maki kadsura, In ken maki, Katsi maki, Kudzu, Saitzu mame.
KOREAN: Chilk, Cheulk, Chuk, Chik.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Goruma, Gosima, Kagomba, Mapumb, Mudja, Nggaoka, Ngko-ko, Owitu, Sifu.
SOLOMON ISLANDS: Lebu.
SPANISH: Kudzu comun, Kudzu ordinario.
THAI: Tum yaa krua.
TONGA: AKA, FUE ALPUAKA, FUE'AE PUAKA.
VIETNAMESE: Cu nang, Cu san day.

Botany
Baai is a rather coarse, climbing, hairy, annual, herbaceous vine reaching a height of 8 meters. Leaflets are entire or slightly repand, ovate, 10 to 20 centimeters long, the upper surface smooth or nearly so, the lower surface densely covered with soft, grayish hairs. Flowers are about 2 centimeters long, borne on axillary racemes, 15 to 30 centimeters long. Calyx is hairy. Corolla is bright purple, 2 centimeters wide, with a large yellow spot at the base. Pods are 5 to 8 centimeters long, about 1 centimeter wide, covered with spreading brown hairs.

Distribution
- Open grasslands and thickets, at low and medium altitudes, and in Benquet it ascends to 2,000 meters.
- Found in Bataan, Benguet, Quezon and the Rizal Provinces in Luzon; in Biliran; Banton; Negros and Mindanao.

- Also found in India to Japan southward to Malaya.
- A common food crop in Java, Sumatra, and Malay.
- In the United States viewed as an invasive plant.

Constituents
• Active constituents include daidzin, daidzein, puerarin, genistin, genistein, tectorigenin, glycirin, tectoridin, 6"-O-xylosyltectoridin, 6"-O-xyloglycitin, biochanin A, and spinasterol.
• Leaves contain glutamic acid, adenine, asparagin, butyric acid.
• Roots have yielded more than 25 isoflavonoids and flavonoids, including daidzein, daidzin, and puerarin.
• Other isofavones isolated are kakkalide, tectoridin and tectorigenin.
• Flowers yielded six isoflavonoids, tectorigenin, glycitein, tectoridin, glycitin, 6"-O-xylosyltectoridin, and 6"-O-xylosylglycitin.
• Root starch yields 340 calories per 100 g, 16.5% moisture, 0.2 g protein, o.1g fat, 83.1 g total carbohydrate, o.1 g ash, 35 mg ca, 18 mg P, 2.0 mg Fe and 2 mg Na. (21)
• Root (fresh weight) in grams (g) or milligrams (mg) per 100 g (fresh weight) yields 113 calories, water 68.6%, protein 2.1g, fat 0.1 g, carbohydrate 27.8g, fiber 0.7g, ash 1.4g; minerals: calcium 15 mg, phosphorus 18 mg. (21)
• Study of Pueraria lobata flower extract isolated two new isoflavone compounds: 5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxyisoflavone-6,7-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 5,6,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone-6,7-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. (26)
• The major constituents of Puerariae radix iwere isoflavonoids, which included puerarin, daidzin, genistin, genistein, daidzein, and daidzein-4'-7-diglucoside. Highest levels of isoflavonoids were in the root and vine of P. lobata, and daidzein-4'-7-diglucoside was found only in the root and vine of P. lobata. (30)

Properties
• Acrid, sweet, cold.
• Considered antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antivinous, demulcent, depurative, galactagogue, hypolgycemic, hypotensive, styptic.

• Root considered antifebrile, antiemetic and antidote.
• Studies have shown antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, cytotoxic, cardioprotective, fibrinolytic, antiosteoporotic, nootropic, anti-inflammatory properties.

Parts utilized
Roots, seeds, flowers, leaves.

Uses
Edibility
• Roots, flowers, leaves.
• Equal to alfalfa in nutritive value.
• Flour made from roots used in soups.
• Flowers cooked or made into pickles. Stems and young leaves eaten raw or cooked. (21)
Folkloric
• Root of the plant is both food and medicine; however, above ground part is considered emetic.
• Root prescribed for fevers, colds, influenza, dysentery, snake bites.
• Use to counteract the effects of croton oil and other poisonous drugs.
• Externally applied to dog bites.
• Seeds used for dysentery and alcoholic excess.
• Flowers also used for alcohol excess.
• Leaves used on wounds as styptic.
• Shoots used to stimulate secretion of milk; applied to incipient boils and aphthous stomatitis in children.
• Every part of the plant used for skin rashes.
• Flowers used as diaphoretic and febrifuge.
• An ingredient in many traditional Chinese medicine formulas.
• In Chinese traditional medicine, used to treat tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, diabetes; used as a remedy for alcoholism and hangover; flowers used to detoxify the liver. Also used as diaphoretic and febrifuge. Root decoction used for colds, dysentery, and fever.
Alcoholism
• Animal studies have shown daidzin and daidzein to diminish the craving for alcohol. Chinese Pharmacopoeia suggests 9-15 grams of kudzu root daily. However, results of use and supplementation in humans have shown conflicting results.
Others
Feed: Kudzu is primarily grown for pasture, hay, and silage; palatable to all types of livestock.
Flour: In China and Japan, Ko-fen flour is obtained from tuberous roots
• In the U.S. kudzu is used to make soaps, lotions, jelly and compost.
Fiber: Fiber obtained from the stems; studied for potential use as wallpaper, clothing and paper. Cultivated in China and Japan for its textile fiber and root.
• In the U.S., kudzu used to make soaps, lotions, jelly, and compost. Considered a potential valuable asset for the production of cellulosic ethanol.
• Used for erosion control and soil improvement on banks.

Studies
Inhibition of Cisplatin-Induced Damage / Free Radical Scavenging: Study showed the radix of Pueraria thunbergiana prevented cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging activities of free radicals. (3)
KS-III (Kaikasaponin III) / Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic: Study investigated the immunosuppressive effect of kaikasaponin III (KD-III) saponin in the diabetic rat. KS-III prolonged bleeding time and plasma clotting time in STZ-treated mice and increased TF (tissue factor) activity. Results showed its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects may be due to up-regulating or down-regulating antioxidant mechanisms via changes in enzyme activities. (4)
Antioxidant / Aldose-Reductase Inhibition: Study showed antioxidant and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. (5)
Anti-Inflammatory / Antinociceptive: Study of the combine extracts from three Chinese herbal medicines – Kalopanax pictus, Pueraria thunbergiana and Rhus verniciflua – used for diabetes mellitus in Korea were investigated for anti-inflammatory effects. Results showed inhibition of NO production, decreased PGE2 and TNF-a release, dose-dependent analgesic activities in varying degrees among the different extracts. (6)
Tectorigenin / Cytotoxicity / Leukemia: Study isolated six isoflavonoids. Among these isoflavonoids, tectorigenin and genistein exhibited cytotoxicity against various human cancer cells. Tectorigenin induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and caused apoptotic changes of DNA in the cells. Results suggest a potential for tectorigenin as a therapeutic agent for leukemia. (7)
Cognitive Effects: In a study comparing HRT and Pueraria lobata, the results did not demonstrate scientific basis for use of PL for postmenopausal health in general. However, cognitive improvements were noted. Both showed improvement in Mini-Mental State Exam and attention span. Also, HRT improved delayed recall, while PL improved flexible thinking. (8)
Suppression of Alcohol Intake and Withdrawal: In a study of Kudzu root in alcohol-preferring rats showed a 50-60% reduction in alcohol consumption and abolishment of withdrawal symptoms. (9)
Alcohol Intake Reduction / Beer Drinkers: In a study of male and female "heavy" alcohol drinkers, kudzu treatment resulted in significant reduction in the number of beers consumed, with decrease volume of each sip, and increase in the number of sips. Results suggest the plant may be a useful adjunct in reducing alcohol intake in a naturalistic setting. (10)
Tectorigenin / Anaphylaxis Inhibition / Anti-Allergic Drug: Tectoridin from the flowers of P. thunbergiana is metabolized by human intestinal microflora into tectorigenin. Study in rats showed the main metabolite tectorigenin potently inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and inhibited in vitro release of IgE-induced beta-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells. Results suggest tectoridin is a prodrug, and presents as a candidate for an antiallergic drug. (12)
Anti-Thrombotic Effects / Puerarin: Animal and clinical studies have shown antithrombotic effects, possibly through an inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood viscosity. Puerarin can increase superoxide dismutase activity, decrease lipoprotein level and enhance fibrinolytic activity. (14)
Neurologic Effects: Kudzu may be protective to the neurons. Daidzin has been shown to inhibit serotonin and dopamine metabolism. Puerarin has shown an improvement effect against memory impairment in an aging-mice model induced by D-galactose.
Estrogenic Effects: Isoflavone constituents have shown both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity.
Hypoglycemic Effects / Puerarin: Animal studies have suggested hypoglycemic effects. Puerarin lowers plasma glucose via increase in glucose utilization. It also activates alpha1-adredoreceptors in the adrenal glands to enhance secretion of beta-endorphins to decrease blood glucose.

Antiosteoporotic Effects: In animal studies, Pueraria lobata has exhibited increase in bone mineral density. Puerarin also suppressed bone resorption and promotes bone formation.
Puerarin / Fibrinolytic Activity / Coronary Heart Disease: Study evaluated the effect of puerarin on superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), tissue plasminogen (TPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Results showed puerarin can increase SOD activity, decrease LPO level and enhance fibrinolytic activity.
Cardioprotective: Study evaluated the benefits of D&G--Danshen (dried root and rhizome of perennial herb Salvia miltiorrhiza) and Gegen (dried roots of Pueraria lobata) as adjunctive therapy on atherogenesis in high-risk hypertensive individuals. Results showed D&G to be well tolerated and significantly improved atherogenesis in high-risk hypertensive patients, with a potential in primary atherosclerosis prevention. (15)
Antioxidant / Isoflavonoids / Roots: Study evaluated the isoflavonoid content and antioxidant activity of P. lobata roots, including the root outer bark and whole root. The root outer bark yielded higher isoflavonoids cont3nt that whole root or kudzu root. The antioxidant potential of the root outer bark by total phenolic content, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power were also higher. The main isoflavonoids were puerarin, daidzin, genistin and genistein. Puerarin in the root outer bark showed the greatest antioxidant activity in P. lobata roots. (16)
Isoflavones / Flowers / Quantitative Analysis: Study aimed to develop a new HPLC method for the determination of two major isoflavones tectoridin and 6"-O-xylosyltectoridin in P. lobata flowers. Quantitative study on the two major isoflavones in flowers of P. lobata showed the flowers from northern China to yield more isoflavones (26.46-43.28 mg/g of tectoridin and 30.90-48.23 mg/g of 6"-O-xylosyl-tectoridin) than those from southern China (10.00-19.81 mg/g of tectoridin and 11.08-37.03 mg/g of 6"-O-xylosyl-tectoridin). (17)
Effect of Kudzu on Various Cytochromes P450s: Study evaluated the effects of kudzu on various cytochrome P450s. Different human cytochrome 450 isoforms (P450 2E1, 2A6, and 1A2) were selected based on their ability to convert relatively inert foreign chemical species into toxic metabolites. The most inhibitory effects were noted with the interaction between cytochrome P450 1A2 and ethanolic kudzu root extract and cytochrome P4502C9 and ethanolic kudzu root extract. (23)
Isoflavones / Anti-Inflammatory On Cerebral Ischemia: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Total Isoflavones of P. lobata (TIPL) in ischemia in vivo models. TIPL reduced the brain infarct volume and attenuated ischemic-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) up-regulation, reduced activation of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and CD11b antibody. Results showed TIPL can protect brain from ischemic damage after MCAo. The effects may be due to anti-inflammatory properties by inhibition of COX-2 expression, astrocyte expression,, and microglia. (25)
Isoflavonoids / BBB Penetration / Roots: Study evaluated the brain penetration and pharmacokinetics of five active isoflavonoids—puerarin (PU), 3'-methoxypuerarin (MPU), 3'-hydroxypuerarin (HPU), daidzein (DA) and daidzein-8-C-apiosyl-(1-6)-glycoside (DAC)—in the ventricular CSF and plasma of rats after administration of a Pueraria isoflavonoids (PIF) extract. Results showed the isoflavonoids can quickly penetrate to the brain through the BBB (blood brain barrier) and may be responsible for the neuro-pharmacological activities of P. lobata. (27)
• Herbal Combination of Pueraria lobata and Rehmannia glutinosa / Prevention of Postmenopausal Obesity: Menopause is strongly associated with increased metabolic dysfunctions due to decline in estrogen. Study evaluated the beneficial effect of HT051, containing roots of P. lobata and R. glutinosa on ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats. Results showed significant decrease of mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes and increase in mRBA expression of ß-oxidation-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 in the liver of OVX rats. There was significantly lower expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Results suggest HT051 may have potential as natural alternative for management of postmenopausal metabolic dysfunctions. (28)
• Herb-Drug Interactions: (Moderate interactions) (1) Birth control pills (contraceptive drugs): Kudzu might have same effects as estrogen, but kudzu is not as strong as estrogen in birth control pills. Kudzu might decrease the effectiveness of BCP. (2) Estrogens interact with Kudzu. (3) Medications that slow blood clotting (anticoagulant, antiplatelet drugs interact with kudzu. Kudzu might slow blood clotting and increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. (4) Methotrexate: Kudzu decrease the rate of how fast the body gets rid of MTX and increase the risk of MTX side effects. (5) Tamoxifen: Kudzu may affect estrogen levels in the body, and may decrease the effectiveness of tamoxifen. (Minor interactions) Kudzu may interaction with medications for diabetes and augment the decrease in blood sugar. (29)
• Non-Mutagenic / Antimutagenic: Study evaluated the mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of two plant extracts i.e., Pueraria lobata and Pueraria mirifica. Both plants only showed mild cytotoxic effects. Study confirmed the non-mutagenic and reasonably antimutagenic activities of the two plant extracts, supporting their current use as safe dietary supplements and cosmetics. (31)
• Review / Cardiovascular Effects: Review based on 92 sources lists the broad spectrum of pharmacological effects on the vascular system such as bidirectional regulation of blood pressure and heart rate, regulating rhythm, increasing coronary blood flow, protection against myocardial ischemia, inhibiting platelet adhesion and aggregation, and promoting angiogenesis. (32)
• Antimutagenic / Isoflavone: Study isolated a suppressive compound which was identified as tectorigenin (1). Compound 1 and its methylated derivative showed suppressive effects on umu gene expression of the SOS response in Salmonella typhimuriumTA1535/pSK1002 against furylfuramide, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, N-methyl-N‘-nitrosoguanidine, and activated Tr[-P-1. (33)

Availability
Wild-crafted.
Root powder and root extracts in the cybermarket.


Updated June 2019 / July 2016

IMAGE SOURCE: File:Starr 021012-0009 Pueraria montana var. lobata.jpg / Forest & Kim Starr / 12 Oct 2002 / Creative Commons Attribution / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Seeds / Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Pueraria thunbergiana / Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste - Progetto Dryades / Andrea Moro - Comune di Padova, Orto Botanico, PD, Veneto, Italia / Creative Commons Attribution / alterVISTA

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Kudzu / Wikipedia

(2)
Kudzu / PLANT OF THE WEEK / Dr. T. Ombrello - UCC Biology Department
(3)
Pueraria montana lobata - (Willd.)Maesen.&S.M.Almeida./ Plants For A Future
(3)
Pueraria thunbergiana inhibits cisplatin-induced damage of HEI-OC1 auditory cells through scavenging free radicals / Yu JJ, Jung S Y et al / Phytother Res. 2009 Dec 2.
(4)
Effect of Kaikasaponin III Obtained from Pueraria thunbergiana Flowers on Serum and Hepatic Lipid Peroxides and Tissue Factor Activity in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat / Jongwon Choi, Myung-Hee Shin et al / Journal of Medicinal Food. April 2004, 7(1): 31-37. doi:10.1089/109662004322984671.
(5)
Structure-Activity Relationships of Components from the Roots of Pueraria thunbergiana Having Aldose Reductase Inhibitory and Antioxidative Activity / Chang-Hun Park et al / Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2007, Vol. 28, No. 3 / 493
(6)
Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the extract from Kalopanax pictus, Pueraria thunbergiana and Rhus verniciflua. / Kim I T, Park Y M et al / J-Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Sep; 94(1): 165-73
(7)
Tectorigenin, an Isoflavone of Pueraria thunbergiana BENTH., Induces Differentiation and Apoptosis in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells / Kyung-Tae Lee, Il-Cheoi Sohn, Young-Kwan Kim et al / Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 24 (2001) , No. 10 1117
(8)
Comparison of Pueraria lobata with hormone replacement therapy in treating the adverse health consequences of menopause / Woo J, Lau E, Ho S C et al / Menopause. 2003 Jul-Aug;10(4):352-61.
(9)
Kudzu root extract suppresses voluntary alcohol intake and alcohol withdrawal symptoms in P rats receiving free access to water and alcohol / Benlhabib E, Baker JI, Keyler DE, Singh AK / J Med Food. 2004 Summer;7(2):168-79.
(10)
An extract of the Chinese herbal root kudzu reduces alcohol drinking by heavy drinkers in a naturalistic setting / Lukas SE, Penetar D, Berko J, Vicens L et al / Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 May;29(5):756-62.
(11)
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(12)
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis-inhibitory action of tectorigenin, a metabolite of tectoridin by intestinal microflora. / Eun-Kyung Park, Yong-Wook Shin, Hae-Ung Lee, Chang Soo Lee, Dong-Hyun Kim / Biol Phar Bull, 27(7) 1099-1102 (2004)
(13)
Kudzu / Pueraria lobata / Sigma Aldrich
(14)
Effect of puerarin on fibrinolytic activity and lipid peroxide in patients with coronary heart disease. / Chen J, Xu J, Li J. / Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1999 Nov;19(11):649-50.
(15)
Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Adjunctive Alternative Medicine (Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata) in High-Risk Hypertension / K. S. Woo, Thomas W. C. Yip, Ping Chook, S. K. Kwong, C. C. Szeto, June K. Y. Li, Alex W. Y. Yu, William K. F. Cheng, Thomas Y. K. Chan, K. P. Fung, and P. C. Leung / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2013 (2013) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/132912
(16)
Antioxidant Actifity and Isoflavonoid Components in Different Sections of Pueraria lobata Root
/ TONG-RONG CHEN, SHU-CHENG SHIH, HSIEH-PING PING AND QUE-KING WEI* / Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2012, Pages 681-685 doi:10.6227/jfda.2012200316
(17)
Quantitative Analysis of Two Isoflavones in Pueraria Lobata Flowers from Eleven Chinese Provinces Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography / Law, Francis, Yao, Meicun, Liao, Yiting / Chinese Medicine 2010, 5:14 http://www.cmjournal.org/content/5/1/14
(18)
Pueraria lobata var. lobata (Willd.) Sanj. & Pradeep / Synonyms / The Plant List
(19)
Pueraria montana var. lobata / Common names / EOL
(20)
Pueraria lobata var. montana / T.K.Lim / Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Vol 10
(21)
Pueraria montana var lobata / Plants For A Future
(22)
Kudzu / Common names / Invasive Species Compendium
(23)
The effects of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) on various cytochrome P450s / Ryan K. Zyglocke / Thesis 2015 / The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG )
(24)
Ge Gen – Pueraria lobata root – Kudzu / Chinese Herbal Medicine
(25)
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Total Isoflavones from Pueraria lobata on Cerebral Ischemia in Rats / Dong Wook Lim, Changho Lee, In-Ho Kim and Yun Tai Kim / Molecules 2013, 18, 10404-10412 / doi:10.3390/molecules180910404
(26)
Isoflavonoid glycosides from the flowers of Pueraria lobata / Ying-Lu Yua, Yi-Ting Liao, Xian Li, Yang Ye, Chang-Qiang Ke, Xi-Qiang Li, Xin-Zhou Yang & Mei-Cun Yao / Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Volume 13, Issue 4, 2011, pages 284-289 / DOI:10.1080/10286020.2011.554404
(27)
Pharmacokinetic profiles of the five isoflavonoids from Pueraria lobata roots in the CSF and plasma of rats. / Bing-Xin Xiao, Li Feng, Fang-Rui Cao, Rui-Le Pan, Yong-Hong Liao, Xin-Min Liu, Qi Chang /
J Ethnopharmacol 2016 May 23;184:22-9.
(28)
A Herbal Formula HT051, a Combination of Pueraria lobata and Rehmannia glutinosa, Prevents Postmenopausal Obesity in Ovariectomized Rats / Yoon Hee Lee, Bora Jin, Sunghyun Lee, Jin-Young Oh et al / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2017 /
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8641535
(29)
Kidzu: Interactions / WebMD
(30)
Component Analysis of Isoflavonoids in Pueraria montana and Pueraria lobata by High Performance Liquid Chromatography / Chian-Ying Yang, Chien-Chih Chen, Su-Ju Lin, Chia-Chi Chen and Horng-Liang Lay / Crop, Environment & Bioinformatics, June 2005; Vol 2
(31)
The mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of the traditional phytoestrogen-rich herbs, Pueraria mirifica and Pueraria lobata / W Cherdshewasart, W Sutjit, K Pulcharoen, and M Chutasiri / Braz J Med Biol Res, September 2009; 42(9): pp 816-823 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2009000900008 
(32)
The research in chemistry and cardiovascular effects of Pueraria lobata / Shengmao Li, Rui Tan, Hanshen Zhen, Yang Li, Xiaohe Xiao / Proceedings 2011 International Conference on Human Health and Biomedical Engineering, Aug 2011 / DOI:  10.1109/HHBE.2011.6029066
(33)
Antimutagenic Activity of Isoflavone from Pueraria lobata
/ Mitsuo Miyazawa, Katsuhisa Sakano, Sei-Ichi Nakamura, Hiroshi Kosaka / J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001; 49(1): pp 336-341 / https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000255w

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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