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Family Meliaceae
Bayit
Walsura pinnata Hassk.
BALIBAYAN
Yue nan ge she shu

Scientific names Common names
Heynea cochinchinensis Baill. Balibayan (Camarines)
Napeodendron altissimum Ridl. Bayit (Tag.)
Walsura aherniana Perkins Paling-uair (Bis.)
Walsura angulata Craib  
Walsura cochinchinensis (Baill) Harms  
Walsura elata Pierre  
Walsura glauca C.E.C.Fisch  
Walsura grandifolia Ridl.  
Walsura hypoleuca Kurz  
Walsura neurodes Hiern  
Walsura pinnata Hassk.  
Walsura villamilii Merr.  
Walsura yunnanensis C.Y.Wu  
Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb. ex Hornem is accepted. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BORNEO: Mata kuching hutan, Rihat purok.
CHINA: Yue nan ge she shu.
LAOS: Kha lin dong, 'Khi chak.
THAILAND: Kaeo laow, Kat lin.

Gen info
- Etymology: Specific epithet pinnata is Latin, meaning "feather-like", referring to the leaves.

Botany
Walsura pinnata is a shrub to small tree, 1-4(-8) m tall. Bark grayish brown, with pale lenticels. Stem stout; branches many. Leaves odd- pinnate or reduced to a single leaflet, 15-20(-30) cm; petiole 1-7(-9) cm, ribbed; leaflets 1 or 3(or 5), opposite; petiolules of lateral leaflet blades 0.5-1.5 cm but terminal one 2-3.5 cm, with joints; leaflet blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, (10-)14-18 × (3-)5-7 cm but terminal one largest, thickly papery to leathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially greenish white, adaxially green and lustrous, secondary veins 8-11 on each side of midvein and abaxially prominent, base attenuate to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate to acute. Panicles 1-6 cm, pubescent. Flowers 4-5 mm. Pedicel thin and slightly shorter than flowers. Calyx lobes triangular, outside pubescent, apex acuminate. Petals white, oblong to narrowly oblong, ca. 5 mm, abaxially pubescent, apex acute to acuminate. Stamen filaments broad, basal to middle part connate into a tube, ± pubescent, tip 2-lobed; anthers ovoid, inserted between 2 lobes of filament apex, apex acute. Disk red, cup-shaped to annular, glabrous. Ovary globose to oblate, flat, 2-locular, covered with thick trichomes; style cylindric; stigma disciform, tip 2-cleft. Berry globose to ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., densely covered with yellowish gray trichomes, with 1 or 2 seeds; exocarp thin; endocarp hard and leathery. (Flora of China) (3)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Common in forests at low and medium elevation.
- Also native to Andaman Is., Borneo, Cambodia, China, Hainan, Jawa, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam.
(2)

Constituents
- Phytochemical study of bark isolated a new oleanane triterpene acid, 3-oxo-olean-9(11),12-dien-28-oic acid (1), together with nine known compounds, 3-oxo-olean11-en-28,13β-olide (2), 3β-hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid (3), betulonic acid (4), 3-oxo-20(24)-epoxy-12β,25- dihydroxydammarane (5), 2(3),6(7)-diepoxy-9-humulene (6), stigmasterol (7), daucosterol (8), vanillic acid (9), and 4-hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-1-tetralone (10). (see study below) (4)
- Chromatographic isolation of n-hexane extract of stem bark isolated nine chemical constituents. Structures were characterized as ledol, oplopanone, betulonic acid, oleanonic acid, 3-oxoolean-11-en- 13β(28)-olide, 12α-hydroxy-3-oxooleanano-28,13-lactone, 3-oxoursolic acid, 3-ketours-11-en-13β(28)-olide, 3β-hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid. (see study below) (6)

Properties
- Bark (rich in tannin) is astringent.
- Studies have suggest cytotoxic, anticancer properties.

Parts used
Bark, fruits.

Uses

Edibility
- Fruit is edible, succulent and sweet tasting.
Folkloric

- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- Decoction of bark and fruits used for treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.
Others
- Wood: Wood is yellow, hard and durable; used for construction.


Studies
Anticancer / Bark:
Phytochemical study of bark isolated a new oleanane triterpene acid, 3-oxo-olean-9(11),12-dien-28-oic acid (1), together with nine known compounds (2-10). Compounds 3 and 4 showed in-vitro growth inhibitory activity against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and SK-OV-3, with IC50s in the range of 8.85-18.28 µg/mL. (see constituents above) (4)
Pinnatane A / Cytotoxic against Human Liver Cancer Cells / Bark: Pinnatane A, isolated from the bark of Walsura pinnata, was investigated by MTT assay for anti-cancer properties by analyzing cytotoxic activities and cell cycle arrest mechanism induced in two different liver cancer cell lines. MTT assay identified pinnatane A prominent dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity effects in Hep3B and HepG2 cells, with minimal effect on normal cells. Live/dead assay showed significant cell death, while cell cycle analysis showed arrest at G0/G1 phase in both cell lines. Annexin flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assays identified apoptotic cell death in Hep3B and necrotic cell death in HepG2 cell lines. Results suggest potential for development as chemotherapeutic agent. (5)
Cytotoxicity against Human Cancer Cell Lines / Stem Bark: Study of n-hexane extract of stem bark isolated nine chemical constituents. Betulonic acid and 3β-hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid were found to be cytotoxic against a series of human cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 19 μM, 18 μM on HepG2; 12 μM, 25 μM on MCF-7 and 13 μM, 21 μM on HSC-2 respectively. (see constituents above) (6)
Betulonic Acid / Induction of Apoptosis in Leukemia Stem Cells / Bark: Study evaluated betulonic acid isolated from the bark of Walsura pinnata for pro-apoptotic effects in leukemia stem cells (LSC) in vitro and in vivo. Results showed BA inhibited the proliferative and cologenic properties of LSC. BA induced apoptosis in LSC through the mitochondria pathway and was effective in the in vivo zebrafish model. Results suggest BA can be a lead compound for development of a chemotherapeutic agent against LSC. (7)
Walsucochins / Neuroprotective against H2O2-Induced PC12 Cell Damage: Study isolated Walsucochins A and B from Walsura cochinchinensis. Both exhibited significant cell protecting activities against H2O2-induced PC12 cell damage. (8)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

February 2023

                                                 PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photo - Meliaceae : Walsura pinnata / Twig (abaxial leaves) / Copyright © 2011 by Leonardo L Co [ref. DOL36016] / Non-Commercial Use / click on image to go to source page / Phytoimages.siu.edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photo - Meliaceae : Walsura pinnata / Twig (adaxial leaves) / Copyright © 2011 by Leonardo L Co [ref. DOL36017] / Non-Commercial Use / click on image to go to source page / Phytoimages.siu.edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photo - Meliaceae : Walsura pinnata / Copyright © Pierre GRARD CIRAD 2005-2007 / Non-Commercial Use / click on image to go to source page / biotik

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Walsura pinnata / PROSEA: Plant Resources of south-East Asia

(2)
Walsura pinnata Hassk. / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(3)
Walsura pinnata / World Flora Online
(4)
Chemical Constituents from Walsura pinnata (Meliaceae) / Mohamad A. Mahdzir, Jamil A. Shilpi, Norfaizah Mahmud, Sujatha Ramasamy, Khalijah Awang / NPC: Natural Product Communication, 2017; 12(9): pp 1397-1400
(5)
Cytotoxic Effects of Pinnatane A Extracted from Walsura pinnata (Meliaceae) on Human Liver Cancer Cells / Nurhisyam Zakaria, Mohamad Azrul Mahdzir, Mahfuzah Yusoff, Noor Hasima Nagoor et al / Molecules, 23(11) / DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112733
(6)
Chemical constituents of Walsura pinnata hassk / Mahfuzah Yusoff / Master Thesis - 2015 / Universiti Malaya
(7)
Induction of intrinsic apoptosis in leukaemia stem cells and in vivo zebrafish model by betulonic acid isolated from Walsura pinnata Hassk (Meliaceae) / Kok Hoong Leong, Mohamad Azrul Mahdzir, Mohd Fadzli Md Din,  Khalijah Awang, Yuka Tanaka, Kasem Kulkeaw, Tohru Ishitani, Daisuke Sugiyamal / Phytomedicine, 2017; Vol 26: pp 11-21 / DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.018
(8)
Walsucochins A and B with an Unprecedented Skeleton Isolated from Walsura cochinchinensis / Zhi-Wang Zhou, Sheng Yin, Jian-Min Yue et al /  Org. Lett., 2008; 10(3): pp 465-468 / DOI: 10.1021/ol70283  

 




α(5)

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
α(5)

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