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Family Acanthaceae
Ruellia
Ruellia tuberosa Linn.
POPPING POD

Lu li cao

Scientific names Other common names
Cryphiacenthus barbadensis Nees Ruellia (Tag., Engl.)
Dipteracanthus clandestinus (L.) C.Presl Bluebell (Engl.)
Ruellia clandestina L. Cracker plant (Engl.)
Ruellia lysimachia Nees Daniel's great gun (Engl.)
Ruellia paniculata Scop. ex Nees Duppy gun (Engl.)
Ruellia picta G.Lodd. Fever root (Engl.)
Ruellia tuberosa Linn. Large bell flower (Engl.)
Ruellia tuberosa var. humilis M. Gomez Meadow weed (Engl.)
  Minnie root (Engl.)
  Pink-striped trumpet lily (Engl.)
  Popping pod (Engl.)
  Sheep potato (Engl.)
  Snapdragon root (Engl.)
Ruellia tuberosa L. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online.

Other vernacular names
BANGLADESH: Potpoti.
CHINESE: Lu li cao.
FRENCH: Patate-chandelier, Patate-macaque.
MARATHI: Ruwel.
SPANISH: Espanta suegras, Salta perico, Totes, Yuquilla.
SRI LANKAN: Heen amukkara.

General info
- Ruellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family  Acanthaceae, commonly known as ruellias or wild petunia. However, they are not closely related to petunias  (Petunia) although both genera belong to the same euasterid clade. (40)
- The genus name honors Jean Ruelle (1474-1537), herbalist and physician to Francis I of France and translator of several works of Dioscorides.
(40)

Botany
• Ruellia tuberosa is a low-growing perennial herb with tuberous roots, growing to a height of a foot or more. Leaves are opposite, elliptic, short petioled, abruptly narrowed at the base, with undulate margins and up to 12 centimeters long. Flowers are showy, with funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corolla, up to 5 centimeters across, and mauve or light bluish purple. Fruit is a pod with 7 to 8 seeds, bursting open and hurtling the seeds when it gets wet.

• Herbs to 45 cm tall, perennial, erect. Roots with elongate tuberlike swellings. Stems slightly swollen above nodes, almost 4-angled, strigulose on angles. Petiole to 8 mm, glabrous; leaf blade oblong-obovate, 4-8 × 1.5-4.2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, veins abaxially somewhat prominent, base cuneate and tapering onto petiole, margin undulate to subentire, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary, lax dichotomous cymes; peduncle to 2.3 cm; bracts oblong-lanceolate, to 3-9 × 1-3 mm; bracteoles linear-oblong, to 1.5 mm. Pedicel 6-10 mm, minutely pilose. Calyx tube to 6 mm, outside tomentose; lobes linear-lanceolate, 0.9-2 cm. Corolla pale blue, 2.2-5.5 cm, outside hirtellous; lobes suborbicular, ca. 1.6 × 1.5 cm. Stamens with longer pair ca. 8 mm and shorter pair ca. 4 mm; filaments glabrous; anther thecae white, hairy on dorsal side. Ovary glabrous except for a few gland-tipped trichomes at apex; style ca. 2.1 cm, sparsely hirsute; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule not stipitate, linear-ellipsoid, 1.8-2.5 × 0.3-0.4 cm, glabrous except for a few gland-tipped trichomes at apex, 20-26-seeded; septa with attached retinacula remaining attached to inner wall of mature capsule. Seeds discoid, ca. 2 × 2 mm, covered with appressed hygroscopic trichomes. (Flora of China)

Distribution
- Introduced; naturalized.
- In open waste places in the Philippines.

Constituents
- Leaves contain apigenin and luteolin.
- The seed oil yields myristic, capril and lauric acids.
- Study yielded flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins and essential minerals with good nutritive value and secondary metabolites.

- Study for bioactive components of ethanol extract of tubers yielded 25 compounds viz. lupeol (68.14%), stigmasterol (8.89%), α-sitosterol (3.99%), sucrose (2.24%), cholest-5-ene, 3-bromo-, (3α- (2.24%), octadecane, 2-methyl- (2.10%), nonadecane, 2-methyl- (1.93%), eicosane, 2-methyl- (1.79%) heptacosane (1.43%) and heptacosane (1.29%). (13)
- Phytochemical screening of various extracts of whole plant yielded steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoid, tannin, sugars. Physiochemical analysis yielded (%w/w) ash 13.53, acid insoluble ash 2.36, water insoluble ash 24.78, alcohol soluble extractive 7.67. (16)
- Methanolic extract of leaves yielded carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosteroids, flavonoids, tannins, fixed oils and fats. (see study below) (19)
- GC and GC-MS analysis for volatile oils yielded 24 compounds in leaf oil (86.95%), 15 compounds in the stem oil (93.96%), 42 from the root oil (91.49%), 60 compounds from the fruit oil (89.68%), and 6 compounds from flower oil (95.06%). Dominant compounds (%) were : leaf, E-phytol 21.06, tributylacetyl citrate 19.44, heptacosane 7.55; stem, m-xylene 33.83, hepatacosane 16.57, p-xylene 9.67; root, heptane 22.25, heptacosane 12.89, borneol 12.48; fruit, hexacosane 15.43, sextone 13.12, heneicosane 1.14; and flower, tributylacetyl citrate 67.78, 2-methyl-2-pentanol 10.15, 1-methyl-1-cyclopentanol 6.90. Important classes in the volatiles are monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, hydrocarbons, aromatics, esters, alcohols, sulphur compounds, ketones, and aldehyde compounds. (30)
- Column chromatography of ethyl acetate fraction of whole plant yielded four compounds i.e., rutin (1), syringaresinol (2), catechin (3), and pulmatin (4). (see study below) (37)
- GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of tuber revealed 16 compounds . The most abundant were flavone, E,E,Z-1,3,12-nonadecatriene 5, 14-diol, phytol, and methyl-6-octadecenoate, with relative peak areas of 50%, 41.8%, 41.4%, and 40.2%, respectively. (42)

Properties
- In folk medicine, considered diuretic, antidiabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antidotal.
- Studies have suggested
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, gastroprotective, renoprotective, male anti-fertility, antiproliferative, hypolipidemic, larvicidal, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, α-amylase inhibitory, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, anti-urolithiatic, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, anthelmintic, phytoremediative properties.

Parts used
Roots and leaves.

Uses
Folkloric
• No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
• In Trinidad and Tobago, used as a "cooling" agent, for urinary problems and high cholesterol.
• In Suriname's traditional medicine, used as anthelmintic; for joint pains and muscle strain. Also used as abortifacient. Root is used against kidney diseases and whooping cough. Infusion used for cleansing the blood.
• Root and leaf used for alleviating urinary retention.
• Used for gonorrhea, syphilis, bladder stones, bronchitis and cancer.
• In the Cayman Islands, used for heart ailments.
• In Grenada, used for common colds, fevers and hypertension.
• In the Dominican Republic, an ingredient in a concoction for a male potency drink.
• In Sri Lankan traditional medicine, used for stomach problems.
• In India leaf juice applied to scorpion bite sites.
• In India, used for kidney stone disorders. (28)
Others
Dye: Yields a dye, which is used for textiles. (40) (41)

Studies
Antinociceptive / Anti-Inflammatory:
Ethanol extract of Ruellia tuberosa showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities with maximum time response against thermal stimuli similar to that of diclofenac and significant inhibition in serotonin and egg albumin-induced hind paw edema in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was comparable to that of indomethacin. (1)
Antioxidant: Study showed that Rubellia tuberosa possesses potent antioxidant activity. The results provide information on its antioxidant related activity in its use in traditional folk medicine. (4) Study of 50% hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Ruellia tuberosa and D. patulus showed they are not only useful in controlling peroxide level but also helpful in further strengthening the antioxidant potential. (24)
Bioactive Flavonoids / Cytotoxicity: Ethanol extract study showed yielded five flavonoids –cirsimarin, cirsiliol 4'-glucoside, sorbifolin, pedalitin, along with betulin, vanillic acid, and indole-3-carboxaldehyde. Some compounds showed cytotoxicity against KB and HepG2 cell line. (
5)
Gastroprotective / Analgesic / Roots: Study of crude aqueous extracts of Ruellia tuberosa roots in a rat alcohol-induced gastric lesion model showed a strong and dose-dependent gastroprotective activity. The extract also showed mild erythropoetic and moderate analgesic activities. (
7)
Hypolipidemic / Antioxidant: Study evaluated a powdered form of an ethanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa for antilipidemic and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats. Results showed addition of the powdered extract as a feed supplement reduces plasma lipid levels (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL) with increased HDL-C and decreased lipid peroxidation. (10)
Antiproliferative / Antioxidant: Study evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Ruellia tuberosa. An ethyl acetate leaf extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity. A methanol stem extract showed the highest anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 of 22µg/ml. (1
1)
Mosquito Larvicidal / Cx quinquefasciatus: Study evaluated the mosquito larvicidal activities of crude extracts of four plants viz. Alternanthera sessilis, Tremna orientalis, Gardenia carinata, and Ruellia tuberosa against Culex quinquefasciatus. A. sessilis showed the highest mortality followed by Ruellia tuberosa. (1
2)
Anti-Carcinogenic / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-carcinogenic activity and antioxidant property of R. tuberosa methanol leaf extract on HepG2 cell line and RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell lysate. Cytotoxicity by MTT assay showed an IC50 of 54.95 µg/ml on HepG2 cell line. Cells were arrested mostly in G0/G1 phase and also in G2/M phase of cell cycle. Results showed potent apoptogenic activity on HepG2 cell line and notable antioxidant activity on RAW 264.7 cell lysate. (
14)
• α-Amylase Inhibitor / Betulin: Study evaluated R. tuberosa for compounds inhibiting α-amylase in rat and human by molecular docking. Analysis showed betulin could be a potential inhibitor with non-competitive pattern like betulinic acid. Betulin could have greater potential for α-amylase inhibition than acarbose—an assumption that needs to be verified in vitro. (
17)
• Anti-Diabetic: Study evaluated the hypoglycemic activity of methanol extract and solvent fractions of R. tuberosa in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. An EaF at 100 mg/kg showed the highest anti-diabetic activity with a 28.64±0.28% decrease in blood glucose. Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay was the order of ethanol fraction>methanol extract >water fraction>n-hexane fraction. (18)
• Anti-Diabetic / Antihyperlipidemic / Hepatoprotective / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of methanolic extract of leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The ME of leaves elicited significant reductions of blood glucose (p<0.05), lipid parameters except HDL-C, serum enzymes and significantly increased HDL-C at dose of 200mg/kg. (19)
• Anti-Cancer / EAC Induced Mammary Tumor: Study evaluated the antitumor effect of Ruellia tuberosa leaf extracts against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor in mice. Results showed decrease in tumor site and increase in life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. (20)
• Anti-Fertility / Roots: Study evaluated root powder of R. tuberosa for its effect on male reproduction in Swiss albino mice. Results showed a significant decrease in sperm count, motility, and viability (p<0.001). Results suggest Ruellia tuberosa has potential as reversible oral male contraceptive. (21) An aqueous extract of tuberous roots produced antispermatogenic effect in male albino rats. (26)
• Insecticidal / Antibacterial / Antifungal / Roots: Study evaluated a root extract for antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activity. The methanol extract was active against all test bacteria and fungi. Insecticidal assay by film activity test showed strong insecticidal activity with 80% mortality of Tribolium castaneum. (22)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Tuber: Study evaluated ethanol extracts of tuber of R. tuberosa for anti-inflammatory activity in rats using carrageenan induced paw edema method. Results showed potent anti-inflammatory activity at 400 mg/kg. Indomethacin was standard reference drug. (23)
• Phytoremediation / Lead / Heavy Metal Pollution: Study showed Ruellia was a good accumulator of lead. The species can be recommended for the remediation of lead contaminated soils. Total accumulation was highest in the stem followed by roots and leaves. (25) Study evaluated Catharanthus roseus and Ruellia tuberosa for phytoremediation of lead, nickel, zinc, cadmium, and chromium contaminated soils. R. tuberosa highly accumulated Pb, Zn, and Cr. (35)
• α-Amylase Inhibitor / Anti-Diabetic: Study evaluated the antidiabetic mechanism of the n-hexane fraction of methanolic extract (HFME) of the plant in an in silico, in vivo and in vitro study in STZ induced diabetic rats.
A single dose administration of HFME inhibited α-amylase activity in vivo. The extract also strongly inhibited the α-amylase activity in vitro (IC50 0.14 ± 0.005 mg/ml). (27)
• Antiurolithiatic / Antioxidant / Roots: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of R. tuberosa roots for antiurolithiatic activity against 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol and 2% w/v ammonium induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis and for antioxidant activity against hyperoxaluria induced oxidative stress in male albino rats. Results showed significant reduction in deposition of calcium oxalate and increased urinary excretion of calcium, together with decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced levels of antioxidant enzymes in the kidneys of urolithic rats. (28)
• Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant property of aqueous leaf extract of Ruellia tuberosa. The extract concentration that protected DNA against oxidative damage also showed higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The extract also exhibited significant metal chelating activity. (
)
• Camarosid / Antioxidant / Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor / Leaves: Leaves of R. tuberosa have demonstrated strong antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. Study isolated a flavonoids characterized as a methoxylated flavonoid, camarosid (5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-((3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5, 6-trihydroxy-2(hydroxymethoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyrane-3-iloxy) phenyl)-4H-chromen-4), which demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 OF 28.79 µg/ml and XOD inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.67 µg/ml. (29)
• Hypolipidemic / Leaves: Study investigated the effect of 50% hydroethanolic leaf extracts of R. tuberosa and D. patulus on lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Total cholesterol level was significantly (p<0.05) decreased at 500 mg/kg bw of both plant extract treated groups. HDL-c was found increased in the treatment groups. (31)
• Antidiabetic / Effect on Hepatic Histopathology / Malondialdehyde / Roots: Study evaluated a root extract of R. tuberosa on a diabetic rat model induced by STZ. Results showed lowered blood glucose levels, decreased MDA levels, and histopath evidence of recovery of hepatic organ. (32)
• Protective Against Abnormal Expression of Hepatic Detoxification Enzymes in Diabetic Rats: Study investigated extracts of R. tuberosa for effects on hepatic detoxicification enzyme expression in male diabetic Wistar rats with STZ-induced diabetes and fed with a HFD. Water and ethanol extracts significantly normalized expression of hepatic phase 1 and 2 detoxification enzymes in diabetic rats, along with reduction of glucose, HbA1c, and increased level of SOD in diabetic mice. Results suggest RT may ameliorate abnormal hepatic detoxification function via alleviation of hyperglycemia and enhancement of hepatic antioxidant capacity in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats. (33)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Mosquito Larvicidal / Leaves: Study reports on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of R. tuberosa. The NPs showed larvicidal activity against III and IV instar larvae of A. aegypti. Results suggest potential use for mosquito larvae control. (34)
• Ameliorative on Hyperglycemia of DM and Glucose Uptake in Mouse C2C12 Myoblasts:
Study evaluated the effect of R. tuberosa aqueous and ethanolic extracts on hyperglycemia in HFD-fed STZ-induced T2DM rats. Results suggest RTL ameliorates hyperglycemia in HFD/STZ induced diabetic rats and may be attributed to the alleviation of insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscles. (36)
• Anti-Diabetic / Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity: Study evaluated the anti-diabetic activities of various fractions of crude ethanolic extract of R. tuberosa. Results showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 15.84, 4.73, and 8.27 µg/ml of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions, respectively. (see constituents above) (37)
• Hepatoprotective / Nitrosodiethylamine Induced Liver Injury: Study evaluated the protective effects of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Ruellia tuberosa against N-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar albino rats. Results showed hepatoprotective activity in measures of liver enzymes and histopathological examinations. (38)
• Anthelmintic / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated four abundant Philippine weeds i.e., C. aciculatus, C. brevifolius, S. spontaneum, and Ruellia tuberosa for anthelmintic activities. Hexane soluble and chloroform-soluble extracts were obtained through sequential partitioning of crude ethanolic extract of air-dried aerial parts of the plants. The extracts were tested against African nightcrawler earthworms Eudrillus euginiae. Anthelmintic bioassays showed dose-dependent toxicity relationship. For hexane extracts, R. tuberosa showed better activity than other samples. Among chloroform-soluble extracts, C. brevifolius and R. tuberosa showed strongest anthelmintic activities at all tested concentrations. (39)
• Antimicrobial: Study evaluated hydroethanolic extracts of R. tuberosa for anti-microbial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, and 100% (v/v) resulted in inhibition zones range of 7.0-15.25 mm against S. aureus and 7.0-15 mm for E. coli. Commercial antibiotics, chloramphenicol and ampicillin used as control, showed inhibition zones of 30.20 and 25.70 mm for S. aureus, and 29.85 and 25.40 mm for E. coli. Extracts and antibiotics showed more potency against S. aureus. (43)
• Amelioration of Aortic Dysfunction: Study evaluated the protective effect of R. tuberosa ethanol extract against aorta dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Results showed amelioration of serum lipid profiles and significantly reduced level of serum cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 in T2DM rats. The extract also decrease endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide contents, reduced level of cell adhesion factors. Extract also enhanced the activity of aorta antioxidative enzymes, includes superoxide dismutase and catalase in diabetic rats, suggesting amelioration of aorta dysfunction may be via enhancement of aortic antioxidative enzyme activity, which suppresses aorta endothelial damage-associated factors. (44)

• Improvement of Renal Histopathology / Roots: Study evaluatd the effects of hydroethanolic root extracts of R. tuberosa on kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Significant increases in TNF alpha expression and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed, along with severe histological alterations of kidney tissue of diabetic rats. Post treatment, TNF alpha expression and MDA levels decreased considerably. Treatments induced repairment of glomerular and renal tubular damages. (45)
• Acute Toxicity Study / Whole Plant: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of whole plant for acute toxicity in Wistar albino mice using single doses of 200 and 400 mg/kbw and observed for 14 days. Results showed no mortality or adverse effects, suggesting nontoxicity at test doses, and potential for use as natural drug for pharmaceutical formulations.  (46)
• Anti-Fertility / Effects on Sperm Count, Motility and Viability / Roots: Study evaluated the effect of root powder of R. tuberosa on male reproduction in Swiss albino mice. Results showed significant decrease in sperm count, motility, and viability (p<0.001). Sperm count was reduced o 15.97-19.24 million/ml compared to control group of 55.12 million/ml. Partial reversal was noticed in the recovery group. Results suggest potential as reversible oral male contraceptive. (47)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Seeds and herbs in the cybermarkets.

Updated January 2024 / Dec 2018 / May 2017 / Nov 2015

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Popping pod of Ruellia tuberosa / AntanO / CC BY-SA 4.0 International  / Image modified / Click on image or link to go to source page / Wikipedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Ruellia tuberosa - pale purple flowers with violet center / Varun Pabrai / CC BY-SA 4.0 International  / Image modified / Click on image or link to go to source page / Wikipedia

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Ruellia tuberosa / Alam, M. Ashraful et al / Pharmaceutical Biology • Volume 47, Number 3, March 2009 , pp. 209-214 / DOI: 10.1080/13880200802434575
(2)
Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus / Cheryl A Lans / Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
(3)
RUELLIA TUBEROSA L. - MINNIEROOT / Tropilab Inc.
(4)
Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Ruellia tuberosa / Fu-An Chen et al / Food Chemistry Volume 94, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 14-18 / doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.046
(5)
BIOACTIVE FLAVONOIDS FROM RUELLIA TUBEROSA / Chwan-Fwu Lin et al / J Chin Med 17(3): 103-109, 2006
(6)
Fever Root - Ruellia tuberosa, Linn. / Yang Mekar ditamanku

(7)
Gastroprotective activity of Ruellia tuberosa root extract in rats
/ L S R Arambewela, R thambugtala and W D Ratnasooriya / J. Trop. Med. Plants., Dec 2003; 4(2)
(8)
Evaluation of biochemical contents, nutritional value, trace elements, SDS-PAGE and HPTLC profiling in the leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) / A Manikandan and D Victor Arokia Doss / J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(3):295-303
(9)
Ruellia tuberosa / Synonyms / The Plant List
(10)
HYPOLIPIDEMIC AND ANTI OXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RUELLIA TUBEROSA Linn. / KRISHNA CHAITANYA. B*, RAVINDRA BABU. S, RAMESH. C, ALEKHYA RAVELLA , JAYASREE VARDHAN, DIANA VIVIAN ATIGARI / IJPBS, Volume 2, Issue 3, JULY-SEPT 2012, pp 63-72
(11)
Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of Sabah Ruellia tuberosa / Bo Eng Cheong,*, Mohd. Zulkarnain Waslim, Fui Fui Lem, Peik Lin Teoh / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3 (12), pp. 020-024, December, 2013 / DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31204
(12)
Mosquito larvicidal potential of four common medicinal plants of India / Anjali Rawani, Anupam Ghosh* & Goutam Chandra / Indian J Med Res 140, July 2014, pp 102-108
(13)
GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Components of Tubers of Ruellia tuberosa L. (Acanthaceae)
/ Rajendra kumar N, Vasantha K and V.R. Mohan* / American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics
(14)
ANTI-CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY OF RUELLIA TUBEROSA L. (ACANTHACEAE) LEAF EXTRACT ON HEPATOMA CELL LINE & INCREASED SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY ON MACROPHAGE CELL LYSATE / SAYANTAN DEY, SUBHADEEP ROY, NILANJANA DEB, KALYAN KUMAR SEN, SHILA ELIZABETH BESRA* / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 5, Suppl 3, 2013
(15)
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR WOUNDS AND SNAKE-BITES BY TRIBALS OF KINNERASANI REGION, A.P., INDIA / USHAKUMARI J., RAMANA V.V. AND REDDY K.J.* / Journal of Pharmacognosy. Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp.-79-81.
(16)
Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies on Ruellia tuberosa L. (Whole plant)
/ B Arirudran*, A Saraswathy, Vijayalakshmi Krishnamurthy / Pharmacognosy Journal, June 2011; Vol 3, Issue 22 / https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.22.6
(17)
Molecular modeling of Ruellia tuberosa L compounds as a-amylase inhibitor: an in silico comparation between human and rat enzyme model / Dyah Ratna Wulan, Edi Priyo Utomo, and Chanif Mahdi / Bioinformation. 2014; 10(4): pp 209–215. / doi: 10.6026/97320630010209
(18)
Hypoglycemic Activity of Ruellia tuberosa Linn (Acanthaceae) in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits / Durre Shahwar; Saif Ullah; Mobasher Ahmad; Sami Ullah; Naeem Ahmad; Muhammad Akmal Khan / Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Article 8, Volume 7, Issue 2, Spring 2011: pp 107-115
(19)
Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa Linn leaves in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats / M. Rajan*, V. Kishor Kumar, P. Satheesh Kumar, Kotam Reddy Swathi, Sangam Haritha / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(6): pp 2860-2868
(20)
Evaluation of anti-cancer activity of Ruellia tuberosa on EAC induced mammary tumor / Nagarjuna Reddy Vennapusa, Nagarathna Pkm, Divya Madanu / International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol 1, No 2 (2013)
(21)
RUELLIA TUBEROSA LINN. ACTS AS ANTI-FERTILITY AGENT THAT REDUCES SPERM COUNT, MOTILITY AND VIABILITY IN MALE SWISS ALBINO MICE (MUS-MUSCULUS) / PARDESHI M. H., DESHMUKH A. A., GAJARE K. A. / Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 9, Issue 1: pp105-109
(22)
Antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of Ruellia tuberosa (L.) root extract / Kader Md. Abdul, Shumala Parvin, Aktar Uzzaman Chouduri, Md. Ekramul Haque / Journal of Bio-Science, January 2012; 20: pp 91-97 / DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17720
(23)
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TUBER OF RUELLIA TUBEROSA L. (ACANTHACEAE) / Natesan Rajendrakumar, Karuppanan Vasantha, Antony Nishanthini and Veerabahu Ramasamy Mohan* / WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Vol 3, Issue 6 (2014)
(24)
Effect of 50% Hydroethanolic Leaf Extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) on Non-enzymic Antioxidants and other Biochemical Parameters in Liver, Kidney, Serum of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Swiss Albino Rats / Manikandan A, Victor Arokia Doss D / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 2 (3), 2010,190-201
(25)
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD CONTAMINATED SOILS BY RUELLIA TUBEROSA, L. / A.V.V.S. SWAMY, V. SUBHASHINI / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY ADVANCED RESEARCH TRENDS, VOLUME II, ISSUE I, FEBRUARY 2015
(26)
ANTISPERMATOGENIC EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACT OF RUELLIA TUBEROSA L. ON ALBINO RATS / Bhogaonkar P. Y., Kanerkar U. R., Indurwade N. H. and Chondekar R. P. / Trends in Life Sciences, 2012; Vol 1, Issue 4
(27)
Antidiabetic Activity of Ruellia tuberosa L., Role of α-Amylase Inhibitor: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo / Dyah Ratna Wulan, Edi Priyo Utomo, and Chanif Mahdi / Biochemistry Research International, Volume 2015 (2015) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/349261
(28)
Evaluation of Ruellia tuberosa L. for Antiurolithiatic and Antioxidant Activities in Rats
/ B. Sailaja *, K. Bharathi , K. V. S. R. G. Prasad / Jour of Pharma Research / DOI: 10.18579/jpcrkc/2010/9/2/79490
(29)
Antioxidant Activity and Isolation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves
/ Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad, Berna Elya, Abdul Mun’im / Pharmacogn J., 2017; 9(5): pp 607-610
(30)
Composition of volatile oils from leaf, stem, root, fruit, and flower of Ruellia tuberosa L. (Acanthaceae) from Nigeria / Dorcas Olufinke Moronkola, Sherifat Adeyinka Aboaba, Iqbat Mahammad Choudhary / Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2018; 9(41): pp 1031-1037 / DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2015.5951
(31)
Effect of 50% Hydro-Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Ruellia Tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus Patulus (Jacq.) on Lipid Profile in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats / Manikandan Ananthakrishan and Victor Arokia Doss / Int J Prev Med., July 2013; 4(7): pp 744–747 / PMCID: PMC3775212 / PMID: 24049591
(32)
The Effects of Root Extract Ruellia tuberosa L on Histopathology and Malondialdehyde Levels on the Liver of Diabetic Rats / ,   and IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 299, Conference 1 /
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Protective effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. extracts against abnormal expression of hepatic detoxification enzymes in diabetic rats / Wen-Chang Chang, Da-Wei Huang, Jou-An Chenc, Yu-Fang Chang, James Swi-Bea Wu and Szu-Chuan Shen / RSC Adv., 2018; 8: pp 21596-21605  / DOI: 10.1039/C8RA03321H
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Characterization and larvicidal activity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using cracker plant Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract / Jocelyn L Miranda, Cherrie G Muaña and Maria Cleofe N Badang / Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology / DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439-C1-050 / 13th International Conference and Exhibition on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
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Phytoremediation of metals contaminated soils by catharanthus roseus and ruellia tuberosa / Subhashini, V. and Swamy, A.V. V. S. / International Journal of Current Research
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Ameliorative effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. on hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus and glucose uptake in mouse C2C12 myoblasts / Chih-Yuan Ko, Ru-Hai Lin, Yi-Ming Zeng, Wen-Chang Chang, Da- Wei Huang, James Swi-Bea Wu, Yu-Fang Chang, Szu-Chuan Shen / Food Science & Nutrition, Nov 2018; 6(8): pp 2414-2422 / https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.840
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Research on Phytochemical Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Ruellia Tuberosa / Pham Thi Nhaf Trink, Pham Ngoc An, Nguyen Trong Tuan et al / Vietnam Journal of Science and Technologym 2018; 56(4A): pp 106-112
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Hepato protective activity of ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of Ruellia Tuberosa L. (whole plant) against N-Nitrosodiethylamine induced liver cancer in wistar albino rats / B Arirudran, Vijayalakshmi krishnamurthy, A Saraswathy / American Journal of PharmaaTech Research (AJPTR) / DOI: 10.21276/ajptr 
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Comparative anthelmintic activity investigation of selected ethno-medicinal weeds / Kirstin Rhys S Pueblos, Mark Bajalla, Dixie Pacheco Sheila Ganot et al / AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017; 1803, 020027 /  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973154
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Ruellia / Wikipedia
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Effect of Chitosan and Mordants on Dyeability of Cotton Fabrics with Ruellia tuberosa Linn. / Piyaporn Kampeerapappun, Trongsu Phattararittigul, Sutida Jittrong, and Dararat Kullachod / Chiang Mai J Sci., 2010; 38(1): pp 95-104
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Phytochemical Analysis of Ruellia tuberosa Tuber Ethanolic Extract Using UV-VIS, FTIR and GC-MS Techniques / MNLC Harika, P Radhika / International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2019; 9(1): pp 889-892 / eISSN: 2230-7605 / pISSN: 2321-3272 / DOI: 10.21276/ijpbs.2019.9.1.113
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In Vitro Anti-microbial Activity of Hydroethanolic Extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L.: Eco-friendly Based-product Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria / Majida Ramadhan, Akhmad Sabarudin, Anna Safitri / 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 239: 012028 / DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/239/1/012028
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Effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. on aorta endothelial damage-associated factors in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats / Chih-Yuan Ko, Ru-Hai Lin, Yangming Martin Lo, Szu-Chuan Shen et al / Food Science & Nutrition, 2019; 7(11): pp 3742-3750 / DOI: 10.1002/fsne.1233
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Ruellia tuberosa L. Extract Improves Histopathology and Lowers Malondialdehyde Levels and TNF Alpha Expression in the Kidney of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats / Anna Roosdiana, Fajar Shodiq Permata, Riera Indah Fitriani, Khairul Umam, Anna Safitri / Veterinary Medicine International, 2020; 2020: 8812758 / PMID: 33110487 / DOI: 10.1155/2020/8812758
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Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa in Wistar Albino Mice / B Arirudan, Vijayalakshmmi Krishnamurthy, A Saraswathy / International Journal of Biosciences and Technology, Coimbatore, 2014; 7(1): pp 1-4
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RUELLIA TUBEROSA LINN. ACTS AS ANTI-FERTILITY AGENT THAT REDUCES SPERM COUNT, MOTILITY AND VIABILITY IN MALE SWISS ALBINO MICE (MUS-MUSCULUS) / Pardeshi M H, A A Deshmukh, K A Gajare / International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2016; 9(1): pp 105-109 / ISSN: 0975-7066











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DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
                                          New plant names needed
The compilation now numbers over 1,300 medicinal plants. While I believe there are hundreds more that can be added to the collection, they are becoming more difficult to find. If you have a plant to suggest for inclusion, native or introduced, please email the info: scientific name (most helpful), local plant name (if known), any known folkloric medicinal use, and, if possible, a photo. Your help will be greatly appreciated.
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