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Family Leguminosae
Thailand shower
Robles
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby.
KASSOD TREE
TIie dao mu

Scientific names Common names
Cassia arayatensis "sensu Naves, non Litv.". Robles (Tag.)
Cassia arborea Macfad.. Cassod tree (Engl.)
Cassia florida Vahl. Kassod tree (Engl.)
Cassia gigantea DC. Siamese senna (Engl.)
Cassia siamea Lam. Thai cassia (Engl.)
Cassia sumatrana Roxb. Thai copper pod (Engl.)
Cassia sumatrana DC. Thailand shower (Engl.)
Chamaefistula gigantea G.Don  
Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton & Rose  
Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton  
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby  
Senna sumatrana (DC.) Roxb.  
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BURMESE: Me:za.li.
CAMBODIAN: Angkanh.
CHINESE: Tie dao mu.
FRENCH: Bois perdrix, Casse du siam.
GERMAN: Kassodbaum.
INDONESIAN: Bujuk, Dulang, Johar.
INDIA: Minjri, Manjekonna, Kassod, Kilek, Nela thangedu Ponavari,, Simaiavari, Vakai.
JAPANESE: Tagayasan.
LAOTIAN: Khi lek, Phak khi lek.
MALAYSIA: Sebusok, Guah hitam, Juah, Petai belalang, Johor.
NIGERIA: Bikini raskata, Odan.
SPANISH: Flamboyan amarillo.
THAI: Khi lek, Khilek yai, Khi lek ban.
VIETNAMESE Muöng den.

Botany
Senna siamea .is a medium-sized shrub growing 10- to 12 meters high, occasionally reaching 20 meters. Trunk is short, the crown dense and rounded, later becoming irregular and spreading. Leaves are alternate, 15 to 30 centimeters long, pinnately compound with 6 to 14 leaflets on short stalks, each ending in a tiny bristle. Flowers are bright yellow, large, up to 60 centimeters long, upright, with pyramid-shaped panicles. Fruit are flat, with indehiscent pod, 5 to 30 centimeters long, constricted between seeds, each pod containing about 20 seeds. Seeds are bean-shaped, greenish brown, 8 to 15 millimeters long. (5)

Distribution
- Introduced.
- Native to South and Southeast Asia.

Constituents
- Phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanol extracts yielded alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponin, tannin, phenol, steroid,flavonoid, terpenoid, and glycosides. (see study below) (4)
- Main constituents reported are chromone (anhydrobarakol), chromone alkaloids (barakol, cassiarin A-B), anthraquinone (chrysophanol, emodin), bianthraquinones (cassiamin A-B), flavonoids and phenolic compounds. (4)
- Proximate analysis of leaves yielded 7.43% moisture content, 20.62% ash, 3.00% lipid, 21.88% protein, 13.00% crude fiber, and 34.07% carbohydrate content. Phytochemical screening yielded high amounts of terpenoids, tannins, and volatile oils; moderate amounts of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides; low presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and general glycosides. Elemental analysis yielded appreciable amounts of iron, magnesium, and calcium, at 11.03% 10.83%, and 3.08%, respectively. (8)
- Phytochemical screening of leaves yielded: alkaloids++, saponins+, tannins+++, steroids+, flavonoids+, terpenoids+++, volatile oils+++ cardiac glycosides++, glycosides (general)+, with absence of anthraquinones and phylobatannins. (8)
- Phytochemical screening of methanol extract of stem bark yielded alkaloid, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. (see study below) (9)
- Chromatographic study of various extracts of leaves yielded nine compounds: stigmasterol (1), lupeol acetate (2), 2-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-3',5'-diprenylchalcone (3), chrysin (4), chrysophanol (5), kaempferol (6), quercetin (7), 2-methyl anthraquinone (8), 3,7,-dimethoxy-3', 4'-methylenedioxy-flavone (9). (15)
-Study of methanolic extract of stems isolated a new allelochemical (a), characterized as 3,7-dihydroxy-5,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, along with two known compounds, scutellarin 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (B) and luteolin (c). (see study below) (18)
-Ethanol extract of leaves yielded yielded reducing sugar, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, alkaloids and glycosides. (see study below) (21)
- Proximate analysis of flowers yielded valuable nutrients (g/100g): crude protein 25.49 ± 0.014, crude fiber 15.63 ± o.04, ash 7.10 ± 0.03, crude fat 9.68 ± 0.04, moisture content 5.54 ± 0.03, and carbohydrate 36.56 ± 0.01. Mineral analysis yielded calcium 726.00, magnesium 726.00, manganese 938.00, copper 64.00, zinc 30.00,iron 30.00, cadmium 8.00, and lead 16.00. Fatty acid profile showed the oil contained higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acid (51.06%) than saturated fatty acid (39.75%). Of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid (31.92%) was mot abundant, while linoleic acid (20.86%) and linolenic acid (16.93%) were most abundant unsaturated fatty acids. (see study below) (27)
- Study for secondary metabolites yielded tannins +++, saponin ++, terpenoids +++., phytosterols +++, resins ++, with absence of alkaloids.   (26)
- Anthraquinones found in the leaves of S. siamea are rhein, cassiamin, physcion, chrysophanic acid, and sennosides ( Gritsanapan, 1983; Nualkaew, 1999). (see study below) (30)
- Study of two fractions of ethyl acetate and ethanol wood extracts yielded five compounds: resveratrol, piceatannol, dihydropiceatannol, chrysophanol, and emodin. (see study below) (33)
- Study of methanol and hexane extracts of leaves yielded phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, alkaloid, and flavonoids. GC-MS study yielded saponins, triterpenoids (lupeol, α-amyrin), sesquiterpene (octadecane), diterpenes (eicosane), esters of phthalic acids (diethyl phthalate), squalene, α-tocopherol (as fat soluble vitamin E), and hexadecanoic and butyl ester. (see study below) (35)


Properties
- Shown to have antimicrobial, antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer, diuretic, hypotensive, antioxidant, laxative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anxioytic, antidepressant and sedative activities.
- Studies suggest antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, laxative properties.

Parts used
Leaves, stems, roots, seeds, flowers.

Uses

Edibility
- In Thailand, young leaves, tender pods, seeds, and flowers are edible. A popular Thai dish is kaeng khilek. (11)
- Leaves, tender pods and seeds are edible, but must be boiled and the water discarded.
- In the Burmese full moon day of Tazaungmon, buds are picked and used in a soup or to prepare a salad called mezali phu thokke. (11)
Folkloric
- Used to treat hypertension, malaria, and diabetes.
- Leaves, stems, roots, seeds, and flowers used for treatment of malaria.
- In Thailand, leaves traditionally used as a sleep aid.
- In Burkina Faso, decoction of fresh and dried leaves, stem bark, and flowers used to treat malaria and liver disorders. Decoction of stem bark drunk for diabetes.(5)
- In Cote d'Ivoire, decoction of leaves drunk for cough, stomach pains, and malaria. In Uganda, leaves are chewed and swallowed to treat abdominal pain. In India leaf decoction with honey drunk for anemia and fever. (5)
- in Laos, a dish called "chi om leck," a mixture made from decoction of fresh and dried leaves and pork bones crushed to a paste, taken as a vegetable with euphorizing and sedative effects. (5)
- In Thailand, dried leaves in capsule formulation taken as laxative or sleeping pill. (5)
- In China and Pakistan,, decoction of leaves and stems mixture used as aperitif, antirheumatic, and for swelling. In the Congo, decoction of leaves and stems used for periodic fever and malaria.
(5)
- In Nigeria, used for the treatment of syphilis, herpes, swine fever, typhoid fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, menstrual pain. Among the Iqbos, used for its anti-gonorrheal and purgative properties. Fresh leaves used to repel or kill insects i.e., termites, bed bugs, and mosquitoes. (8) (see study below) (15)
- In Cameroon, leaves are used as antimalarial; fruits used to treat intestinal worms and to prevent convulsions in children. (
24)
Others
- Agroforestry: Used as shade tree, hedgerows, or live fence.

- Tanning: All parts of the plant can be used for tanning. Concentration varies slightly with plant parts: 17% leaves, 9% barks, and 7% in fruits. (25)
- Wood: Heartwood is brownish-black with paler streaks. Wood is hard and durable, resistant to termites. Used for joinery, cabinetry, in-laying, decorative pieces, poles, posts, and beams. (25)
- Fire use:Wood makes good fuel, although somewhat smoky when burning. Energy value is 22,400 kJ/kg. Wood also produces good quality charcoal. (25)

Studies
Sub-Chronic Toxicity / Stem Bark:
Study evaluated the sub-chronic toxicity of an aqueous stem bark extract in healthy male Wistar rats. Results showed an oral LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kbw. There were not signs of toxicity or death during the test periods. The extract produced significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight from the second to the seventh week. (3)
Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated the phytoconstituents and antibacterial activity of S. siamea aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts against some pathogenic bacteria viz., K. pneumonia, S. typhi, Shigella spp, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Highest antibacterial activity was seen with the ethanol extract with average zone of inhibition of 14.12 ± 1.51 mm among the isolates. E. coli showed highest susceptibility. (see constituents above) (4)
Acute Toxicity / Leaves: At higher doses, diverse extracts of C. siamea showed acute toxicity in various animal models. In a rat model, leaf ethanol extracts caused mortality with intraperitoneal LD50 of 9600 mg/kg within 24 hours. Root aqueous extract at 8000 mg/kg po in 24 hours showed hyper-sensitivity reactions, cytotoxicity, and increases in aggressiveness in rats. In chronic toxicity studies, aqueous extracts at 2000 mg/kg po for 2 weeks caused hepatic and renal cell destruction in albino rats. (5)
Protection Against Diabetes-Induced Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction / Leaves:Study evaluated the effect of oral leaf extract on glucose, insulin homeostasis, liver damage, and endothelial dysfunction in experimental model of T2 diabetic leptin-deficient ob-ob mice. Results showed remarkable attenuation of T2DM features on glucose, hepatic inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial function and vascular oxidative stress. Results suggest therapeutic potential of C. siamea in correcting metabolic and vascular alterations associated with T2DM. (6)
Antimicrobial / Leaves: Study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of various extracts and fractions of S. siamea leaf on selected microorganisms i.e., E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi using agar well diffusion method. The extracts inhibited the growth of microorganims with zones of inhibition ranging from 2 to 18 mm. The ethanol extract showed highest ZOI on S. typhi. Activity was attributed to alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenolic, and flavonoids. (7)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Stem Bark: Study evaluated the phytochemicals, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of S. siamea stem bark. LD50 of the extract was ≥5000 mg/kg. On analgesic testing, the extract caused inhibition on writhing response induced by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner, and increased time of tail flicking in a dose dependent manner. On anti-inflammatory testing, the extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited inflammation induced by egg albumin in rats paw. (9)
Barakol / Leaves and Flowers: Barakol, a major substance from S. siamea Study characterized the content of barakol in various plant parts. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). Average barakol in mature leaves and young flowers was 0.300 and 0.279% w/w, respectively. Boiling water extracts yielded the highest barakol content in three herbal recipes (0.077, 0.123, and 0.085% w/w). (11)
Chronic Toxicity / 6-Month Study / Leaves: Toxicity study evaluated a six-month use of powdered leaves containing 0.17% barakol in Wistar rats. Levels of bilirubin in animals receiving doses of 200 and 2,000 mg/kbw per day were significantly highest than controls The higher the dose taken, the more severe the degree f hepatic damage observed, especially in male rats Results suggest male rats were more susceptible to the hepatotoxic effects than female rats. Reduction of hepatic damage in the recovery group suggested the hepatotoxic effect was reversible when the drug was stopped for only 14 days. Results suggest long-term consumption of leaf could produce dose-dependent hepatotoxic effects in rats even at therapeutic doses. Hence, caution is advised wen the leaf is used as sleep aid for a long period of time and the use discontinued when periodic liver function tests suggest drug-induced hepatitis. (12)
Antiplasmodial Activity / Leaves: Study evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of A. bipindensis and Senna siamea using Plasmodium berghei and investigated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of leaves extract in a rodent model. Study showed leaves extract showed significant antiplasmodial activity with parasite reduction of ≈ 50%. No mortality was observed at tested doses. Results suggest benefit in the treatment of malaria with no significant risks to human health. (13)
Antihyperglycemic / Renal Protective / Leaves: Study evaluated aqueous extract of leaves for effect on hyperglycemia in experimental diabetes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. BUN and creatinine were measured as biomarkers of kidney function. Results suggest leaves can provide a beneficial effect on hyperglycemia and protect against kidney dysfunctions in diabetes.(14)
Antibacterial / Leaves: Study of various extracts of leaves yielded nine compounds. The isolated compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. A methanolic extract showed considerable activity against Bacillus pumilis. There was no activity against fungi tested.(see constituents above) (15)
Hepatotoxic Effect / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of a methanol extract of leaves on liver functions in Wistar albino rats receiving doses of 100, 200, and 499 mg/kbw. While AST and ALP showed no significant changes, ALT activity increased significantly (p<0.05) during the 3rd and 4th weeks, along with significant bilirubin increase. Histological changes showed degenerative changes. Results suggest prolonged ingestion of high concentration of methanol extract could to toxic to hepatocytes. (16)
Larvicidal Effect / Leaves: Study evaluated the larvicidal properties of C. siamea extract against fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, a carrier of mosquito-borne diseases. LC50s at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 394.29, 350.24, 319.17 and 272.42 ppm, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values gradually decreased with exposure time. A dose dependent mortality was observed. (17)
Larvicidal Effect / Leaves: Study of methanolic extract of stems isolated a new allelochemical (a), along with two known compounds, scutellarin 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (B) and luteolin (c). The compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity. Compound A exhibited higher radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay. (see constituents above) (18)
Anxiolytic / Barakol: Study evaluated the behavioral effects of Cassia siamea and barakol,its active chemical using elevated plus-maze. Barakol at 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally significantly increased all behavioral parameters in a manner similar to diazepam. Results indicate barakol has anxioytic properties similar to diazepam, and unlike diazepam, also increases exploratory and locomotor behavior, in measures of number of rears and total arm entries. (19)
Study n Toxic Effects on Liver and Kidney / Hypoglycemic: Study evaluated the toxic effects of an aqueous extract on liver and kidney of male albino rats. Results showed a drastic reduction (p<0.05) in the activities of ALP, AST and ALT in the liver with a corresponding increase in serum levels, indicating mild liver damage, which returned to normal when the extract was stopped. Increase of AST and ALT in the kidney and serum might be due to activation of enzyme synthesis in renal cells. Study also revealed hypoglycemic properties of the extract. Study suggests prolonged usage of the aqueous extract may lead to cell destruction. (20)
Cytotoxicity Potential by Brine Shrimp Lethality / Leaves: Study evaluated the phytochemical properties and cytotoxicity potential for ethanolic extract of Senna siamea leaves. Phytochemical screening yielded reducing sugar, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, alkaloids and glycosides. Cytotoxicty testing by brine shrimp lethality assay showed moderate cytotoxic activity with LC50 of 68.633 µg/ml. Results suggest a potential source of cytotoxic compounds. (21)
Antiplasmodial Activity / Pure Compounds: Study evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of extracts and fractions of C. siamea stem bark on schizonts of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falcifarum. Fc, Fe, and molecules P2, P18, P27 were the most active. The antiplasmodial active principles were not cytotoxic and belonged to groups of alkaloids and triterpenoids. Results justify the use of the plant against malaria in traditional medicine in the Congo. (22)
Antidiabetic / Leaves: Study evaluated various extracts of C. siamea leaves for antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic model. An ethyl acetate extract of leaves produced significant (p<0.001) reduction in plasma glucose levels when compared to ethanol and hexane extracts. (23)
Barakol / Quantitative Analysis: TLC densitometric method evaluated the barakol content in Senna siamea leaf and flower extracts and compared barakol content in mature leaves young leaves, and young flowers. Barakol was extracted as pure lemon-yellow crystals from young leaves with 0.1% yield. Barakol content in young leaves, mature leaves and young flowers were 1.67, 0.78 and 1.43% dry weight, respectively. (25)
Cassiarins A and B / Novel Antiplasmodial Alkaloids / Leaves: Study isolated two novel alkaloids, cassiarins A (1) and B (2) from the leaves of C. siamea. Cassiarin A (1) exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity. (26)
Flowers / Nutritional Composition / Concerns: Flowers were evaluated for proximate composition, mineral elements and fatty acid profile. Results showed the flowers are good sources of essential nutrients, but the detection of cadmium and lead calls for caution, and advises that the flowers be properly processed before consumption. (see constituents above) (27)
Laxative Anthraquinone / Effect of Boiling / Leaves: Study evaluated the contents of total anthraquinone glycosides in Senna siamea, which are active laxative form, and total anthraquinones in fresh young leaves, boiled leaves, and boiled filtrates. Anthraquinone compounds are known for their laxative properties. Results showed the process of preparation of khi lek curry by boiling S. siamea young leaves twice with water reduced total anthraquinone glycosides content more than 75%. It confirms the traditional use of khi lek curry as a very mild laxative drug. (see constituents above) (30)
Laxative Anthraquinone / Effect of Boiling / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-pseudomonal activities of aqueous, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts of Senna siamea leaves. All extracts were active at high concentration levels of 500 and 1000 µg/disc suggesting dose-dependent activity. The aqueous extract was most active with ZOI of 19 mm and 30 mm. Ciprofloxacin was used as positive control. The antipseudomonal potential of the leaves may be due to phytoconstituents in the leaves such as tannins, saponins, and steroids. (31)
Effect on CD4+ Levels and Antioxidant Profile in HIV/AIDS Patients: Because of therapeutic failures caused by resistance and supply disruptions, there have been searches for other antiretroviral agents from natural sources. In the Northern Cameroon region, Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction has been traditionally attributed antiretroviral value. In this study of HIV positive patients, patients treated by ARTs + decoction showed an increase in CD4+ level from 328 ± 106 to 752 ± 140. Results suggest the decoction of AI and SS stimulates the production of CD$+ and is not toxic, and can potentially reduce the toxicity caused by ARTs intake. (32)
Anti-Insulin Resistance Effect: Senna siamea has been used as an antidiabetic drug such antiquity. Study evaluated the molecular mechanism regarding insulin resistance. On preliminary investigation, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed potent effects against insulin resistance on zebrafish larvae. All the five isolated compounds from the fractions showed anti-insulin resistance effects on zebrafish larvae. Resveratrol, piceatannnol, and dihydropiceatannol also demonstrated inhibitory effects against
α-glucosidase. Chrysophanol and emodin inhibited PTP1B activity, while resveratrol showed DPP-IV inhibition effect via molecular docking. Results suggest S. siamea components has effects against insulin resistance and present potential therapeutic options in the treatment of diabetes. (33)
Antimicrobial / Peripherally Acting Analgesic Activity / Leaves: Study evaluated the analgesic and antimicrobial potential of S. siamea leaves. The acetic acid induced writhing test at dose of 500 mg/kg exhibited significant (p<0.001) inhibition of writhing reflex by 81.98% while standard drug diclofenac showed inhibition of 85.85% at dose of 25 mg/kbw. The extract showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentration of 500 µg/disc with zone of inhibition of 10 mm. (34)
Antimalarial / Antiplasmodial / Leaves: Study of leaf extracts showed dose dependent suppression of parasite growth, with the methanolic extract showing less antimalarial potency (IC50= 3.74 µg/ml) compared to the hexane extract (IC50=5.349 µg/ml. (see constituents above) (35)
Larvicidal / Aedes aegypti Larvae / Leaves: Study evaluated the mosquito larvicidal efficacy of Cassia siamea leaf aqueous extract by determining the median lethal concentration, LC50, within 24,48,72, and 96 hours. Histopathological effects such as separation of epithelial cells from the basement membrane, elongation and protrusion into its lumen, microvilli disruption, appearance of vesicles and cytoplasm masses showed C. siamea as a bioinsecticide in the midgut of A. aegypti larvae. Results suggest larvicidal property with potential for use as an indigenous mosquito control agent, an alternative to chemical mosquito larvicides. (36)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Capsule and powder formulations in the cybermarket.

Updated August 2021
June 2020

 PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: /Photo : Sennasiiamea / Flowers and Pods / Dinesh Valke / CC by SA 2.0 / click on image to go to source page / / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photo : Kassod (Senna siamea) / Forest & Kim Starr / click on image to go to source page / © Botany.Hawaii.Edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Seeds / Siamese cassia / SESI3/ Tracy Slotta / USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photo : Leaves: Senna siamea / CC by NC 4.0 / click on image to go to source page / © India Biodiversity Portal

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby / Synonyms / The Plant List
(2)
Sorting Senna names / /Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1995 - 2020 / A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The Univers ity of Melbourne. Australia.

(3)
Sub-chronic Study of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Senna siamea in Rats
/ A. Mohammed, S B Mada and H M Yakasai / Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2012; 5: pp 314-321 /
DOI:10.3923/ajbs.2012.314.321 
(4)
Antibacterial efficacy and phytochemical screening of Senna siamea leaves extracts on some pathogenic bacteria / Nas FS, Oyeyi TI, Ali M / Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, 2018; 6(3): pp 159-163 / DOI: 10.15406/jmen.2018.06.00208
(5)
Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology profiles of Cassia siamea Lam. / Koffi Camille et al / The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2014; 3(1): pp 57-76
(6)
Ethanol Extract of Leaves of Cassia siamea Lam Protects against Diabetes-Induced Insulin Resistance, Hepatic, and Endothelial Dysfunctions in ob/ob Mice / Camille Koffi, Raffaella Soleti, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina et al / Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Volume 2019, Article ID 6560498 / https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6560498
(7)
Growth Inhibitory Effect of Senna siamea Leaf Extracts on Selected Microorganisms / Dahiru D, A. R. Malgwi, H. S. Sambo / American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2013; 3(5): pp 103-107 / DOI: 10.5923/j.ajmms.20130305.02
(8)
Phytochemical Screening, Proximate and Elemental Analyses of Senna siamea (Lam.) leaves from Kashere metropolis of Gombe State, Nigeria / Christiana Anawuese Kendeson, Gidado A Abdulkadir, Amina Alfazazi et al / International Research Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Jan 2018; 5(1): pp 82-85 / Corpus ID: 56281312
(9)
Phytochemical Screening, Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Methanol Stem Bark Extract Of Senna Siamea Lam. (Kassod Tree) / Sodipo O A, Tijjani M A, Yakubu J, Abdulrahman F I, And Khand I Z, / IOSR: Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, May-June 2018; 13(3) Ver V: pp 38-45 / DOI: 10.9790/3008-1303053845
(10)
Determination of the barakol content of mature leaves, young flowers of Senna siamea(Lam.) Irwin and Barneby and in the herbal recipes / Chaowalit Monton, Laksana Charoenchai, Krisana Kraisintu et al / Journa of Analytical Science and Technology, 2015; 6(6) / https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-015-0053-6
(11)
Senna siamea / Wikipedia
(12)
Chronic toxicity of Cassia siamea Lam. leaves in rats  / 2003 / Warasan Krom Witthayasat Kan PhaetI / SSN : 0125-684X
(13)
In vivo Anti-Plasmodium Activity and Toxicity of Afzelia bipindensis and Senna Siamea Extracts: A Murine Model / Mbah N. L. Javeres, Syed M. Nurulain, Oumarou. Hamadama, Haris J. Bello, Anas Muazu /, The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal, 2019; 13: pp 50-57 / DOI: 10.2174/1874104501913010050
(14)
Aqueous extract of Cassia siamea Lam leaves exhibited antihyperglycemic effect and improved kidney function in diabetic Wistar rats / Camille Koffia, Mamadou Kamagateb, Eugène Koffic, N’goran Mathieu Kouamea, N’guessan Alain Roland Yaoa, Eric Balayssaca and Henri Maxime Die-Kakoua / International Journal of Pharmacological Research / International Journal of Pharmacological Research, 2016; 6(11) / Journal DOI:10.7439/ijpr
(15)
Chemical Constituents of Indian Medicinal plant Cassia siamea / M Vijaya, K Vijaya Kumar, S Ganapathy et al / Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016; 8 (15): pp 250-254
(16)
Hepatotoxic Effects of the Methanol Extract of Senna Siemea in Wister Rats / James GO, Omeje KO, David EA, Eze SOO and Uzoegwu PN / Res Dev Material Sci, 4(1) / DOI: 10.31031/RDMS.2018.04.000576
(17)
Larvicidal and Histopathological Effects of Cassia siamea Leaf Extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. / Jiraungkoorskuk Jm Jiraungkoorskul W / Tropical Life Sciences Research01 Dec 2015; 26(2): pp 15-25 /
PMID: 26868707 / PMCID: PMC4729405
(18)
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NEW POTENTIAL ALLELOCHEMICAL FROM STEMS OF CASSIA SIAMEA LAM. / Archana Chakravarty and R N Yadava / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,
(19)
Barakol: A potential anxiolytic extracted from Cassia siamea / W. Thongsaard, C A Marsden et al /Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, March 1996; 53(3): pp 752-758 / https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(95)02088-8
(20)
Effect of Aqueous Extract of Senna siamea (Cassia Leaves) on the Liver and Kidney of Albino Rats / Alli Smith / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, 2011; 1(4): pp193-195.
(21)
Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxicity Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Senna siamea Leaves / SM Faysal Bellah, Mohammad Abdul Motalib Momin, Md Sohel Rana et al / J. Pharm. Sci. & Res, 2012; . 4(8): pp 1877-1879
(22)
Assesment of antipasmodial activity of Cassia siamea extracts and its pures compounds / GF Nsonde Ntandou, JT Banzouzi, J-M Ouamba, AA Abena / International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jan 2018; 3(1): pp 180-188
(23)
EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF CASSIA SIAMEA LEAVES IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS / Ravi Kumar Jangiti, Ganga Rao Battu, Lakshmi Narayana Majji*, Mallikarjun Rao Talluri / International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2013; 4(4): pp 237-240
(24)
Anticancer and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts and fractions of some Cameroonian medicinal plants / Richard Simo Tagne, Bruno Phelis Telefo, Jean Joel Nyemb et al / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2014; 7(Suppl 1): pp 442-447 / doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60272-8
(25)
Quantitative Analysis of Barakol Content in Senna siamea Leaves and Flowers by TLC-Densitometry / Padumanonda T, Suntornsuk L, Gritsanapan W / Med. Princ. Pract., 2007; 16: pp 47-52 / https://doi.org/10.1159/000096140
(26)
Cassiarins A and B, Novel Antiplasmodial Alkaloids from Cassia siamea / Hiroshi Morita, Shiori Oshimi, Yusuke Hirasawa Koichiro Koyama, Toshio Honda, Wiwied Ekasari, Gunawan Indrayanto, Noor Cholies Zaini / Org. Lett., 2007; 9(8): pp 3691-3693 / https://doi.org/10.1021/ol701623n
(27)
Nutritional Composition and Fatty Acids Profile of Senna siamea Flowers and Flower Oil /
Temitope A Yekeen, Kahir O Otun, Peter O Ladoye and Muibat Bello / Iraqi National Journal of Chemistry, 2016; 16:(4): pp 243-253
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Ethno-medicinal Species of Cassia (C. fistula, C. siamea, C. tora): Documentation and Metabolites Estimation / L. Rani, A. Munjani, G. Lakra, A.K. Choudhury, R.K. Pandey / International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnolgy, 2019; 7(3): pp 387-394 / DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v7i3.25716
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Sennasiamea / Plants For A Future
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Laxative anthraquinone contents in fresh and cooked Senna siamea leaves / Aurapa Sakulpanich and Wandee Gritsanapan / Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, July 2009; 40(4): pp 835-839
(31)
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Senna siamea (LAM) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa / A Bukar, M Mukhtar, A Hassan / Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2009; 2(1) /
DOI:10.4314/bajopas.v2i1.58528
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Effect of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea Decoction on CD4+ and CD8+ Levels, Toxicological, and Antioxidant Profile in HIV/AIDS Positive Persons / Oumarou Goni Hamadama, Mbah Ntepe Leonel Javeres, Nyunaï Nyemb, Medou Mba Fabrice, Pettang Tomen Manuela Elsa / Journal of Toxicology, Vol 2021, Art ID 5594505 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5594505
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Anti=insulin resistance effect of constituents from Senna siamea on zebrafish model, its molecular docking, and structure-activity relationships / Wanlapa Nuankaew, Amad Heemman, Tong Ho Kang et al / Journal of Natural Medicine, 2021; 75: pp 520-531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-021-01490-5
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Antimicrobial and peripherally acting analgesic activity of Senna siamea / Mohammad Abdul Motalib Momin, Md Sohel Rana, Miznur Rahaman Khan, Talha Bin Emran, S M Zahid Hosen / Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, 2012; 3(2): pp 149-157
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Phytochemical screening, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and in vitro antiplasmodial analysis of Senna siamea leaves as antimalarial, Yobe State, Nigeria / A M Daskum, G Chessed, M AA Qadeer, LY Ling / Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, March 2020; 41(1) / ISSN: 1117-4145
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Larvicidal properties of Cassia siamea leaf against Aedes aegypti larvae / P Pavanabundt, K Jiraungkoorskul, P Kosai, W Jiraungkoorskul / International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 2013; 2(1) / ISSN: 2305-7246
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Detarium microcarpum, Guiera senegalensis, and Cassia siamea Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest and Inhibit Metastasis on MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells / Ismail Abiola Adebayo, Haladu Ali Gagman, Hasni Arsad et al / Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2019; Art ID 6104574 /
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6104574

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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