 Gen info
- Clerodendrum is a genus of flowering plants in the Lamiaceae family. It is a member of the subfamily Ajugoideae, one of four subfamilies transferred from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae based on morphological and molecular phylogenetics.
- Clerodendrum L. is
widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world,
with more the 500 species identified, with ethno-medical use in many
indigenous systems (Indian, Korean, Japanese, Thai, Chinese) for a variety
of disease such as syphilis, typhoid, cancer, jaundice and hypertension.
- Clerodendrum paniculatum, the pagoda flower, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Clerodendrum of the Mint family, Lamiaceae. It is most famous for its red flowers, arranged in a thyrsoid cyme up to 16 inches (40 cm) in height by 15 inches (38 cm) wide, and very precisely formed.
- Etymology: The genus name Clerodendrum derives from Greek words kleros meaning "chance", and dendron meaning "tree". The specific epithet paniculatum is Latin, referring to the arrangement of flowers in terminal panicles. (19)
 Botany
• Growth form: Evergreen woody shrub. Foliage: Glossy, deep-veined leaves vary in shape from subcordate to orbicular to ovate (up to 30 cm wide) often having 3 - 5 lobes. They have an opposite arrangement. The leaves emit an unpleasant fragrance. Leaf blade has cordate base, apex acute, margin entire to minutely denticulate. Stems: Stem and branches hollow, slightly pubescent, 4-angled, slightly hairy. Branchlets are subglabrous to pubescent. Flowers: Pink, orange-red or red, bisexual, unscented tubular flowers (1.5 cm wide) occur in terminal panicles shaped like Chinese pagodas (up to 45 cm in height). Stamens and style extend well beyond the petals, since they are 4 times longer. In the tropics, this species blooms throughout most of the year. Flowers last for several weeks on the plant. Fruit: Spherical fruits about 1 cm in diameter are classified as drupes. Fruits are rarely seen in cultivated plants. (Flora & Fauna Web)
• Clerodendrum intermedium is similar to Clerodendrum paniculatum, but the latter has bigger inflorescences and lobulate leaves. (5)
• C. paniculatum is an erect, semi-woody shrub reaching a height of 1-2m(Figure 1). Leaves are simple, large, opposite, up to 30cm in diameter. Leaves are membranous, cordate-ovate, 3-7 lobed (lobes shallow), margins minutely denticulate, glandular beneath and petiole is up to 30cm long with acuminate apex. Flowers are in large terminal panicles. Calyx is red to orange-red in color and divided nearly to the base. Corolla are orange-red to scarlet with slender tube which is up to 2 cm long and the lobes are approximately 7mm long. Flowering occurs more or less throughout year. Fruit is a drupe, globose, bluish-black in color and approximately 1cm across. (6)
Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Also native to Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China Southeast, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand. (1)
 Constituents
- Phytochemical screening revealed presence of terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic acid, sterols, and glycosides.
- Methanol leaf and flower extracts contain significant amounts of total flavonoids and polyphenols, with flowers showing higher levels. Flavonoid and polyphenol contents17.22 mg catechin g/extract and 373.33 mg GAE/g extract
in the flower extract, and 6.14 mg catechin/g extract and 266 mg GAE/g in the leaf extract. (see study below) (11)
- Phytochemical screening of dried aerial parts yielded flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoid-like compounds. (see study below) (13)
- Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract and dried powder yielded flavonoid, glycoside, tannin and steroid/triterpenoid. LC-MS analysis of ethanol extract yielded erucamid, caffeic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin and linamarin. Ethyl acetate fraction yielded erucamid, apigetrin, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 4-coumaric acid, scutellarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin. (see study below) (21)
Properties
- Flowers are pollinated by butterflies for nectar.
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Studies have suggested antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-skin ageing, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, antibacterial, anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, anti-viral, anti-acne properties.
Parts used
Leaves, roots, flowers.
Uses
Edibility
- No information found on edibility. (Plant used as purgative.)
Folkloric
· In South East Asia, C. paniculatum leaf juice extracted with water used to treat sore eyes.
Concentrated water extract also used for wounds.
· In Ayurveda, plant pacifies vitiated pitta, inflammation, ulcers, wounds, and skin diseases.
- In Malaysia, infusion is drunk as purgative; poultice externally applied on a distended stomach. In Indonesia, leaves used as poultice for burns, wounds, and ulcers. Roots used in herbal prescriptions for pulmonary problems, edemal, hematuria, and rheumatism. In Thailand, various parts used for anti-inflammatory effects. In general, roots used as antimalarial, carminative, and anti-tuberculosis; leaves used for chest pains. (5)
- In India, leaves used for treatment of wounds, anemia, liver complains, and purification of blood; roots used for treatment of typhoid. In Thailand, flowers and leaves used for treatment of hemorrhoids In southern Nigeria, leaves and roots used for treatment of malaria. (6)
- Used for treatment of sore eye, gonorrhea, urinary tract infection and kidney problems. (13)
Others
- Wood: Used for construction as plywood and particle board. (3)
Studies
• Antimicrobial / Leaves: Methanolic and chloroform extracts of leaves of Clerodendrum paniculatum showed effective antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. (4)
• Antioxidant / Leaves: Study of ethanolic extract of leaves for antioxidant activity revealed concentration dependent scavenging of radicals with IC50 of 27.73 µg/ml (Hafiz et al). Study showed potent antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts by reducing power assay (Krishnan et al). (6)
• Anti-Ageing / Leaves: Study evaluated polyherbal-based cream formulations containing leaf extract of C. paniculatum for skin anti-ageing benefits. Formulation caused increase in collagen content in human dermal fibroblast suggesting skin anti-ageing property. The formulation also upregulated Collagen-I gene expression. Study by Krishnan et al. also showed anti-ageing activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves in human dermal fibroblast. (6)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of fresh leaves of Cp by invitro (human red blood cell membrane stabilization method) and invivo methods (0/1 ml of 1% w/v carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model). The petroleum ether and chloroform extracts showed best in vitro anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, with indomethacin 10 mg/kg as reference standard drug. Both extracts showed significant dose-dependent (p<0.001) reduction in paw edema. (7)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-Mutagenic / Roots: Study evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory, mutagenic, and antimutagenic activities of ethanolic extract of Cp dried roots. The root extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO, TNF-α, and PGE2 production in macrophage cell line. The CPE root was not mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and TA100. It inhibited mutagenicity of nitrite treated 1-aminopyrene on both strains. Results showed anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic potentials of CPE root.
(8)
• Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant / Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity / Flowers: Study evaluated the hepatoprotective potential against CCl4-intoxicated model and antioxidant potential of Cp flower extracts. Column chromatographic analysis of the extract revealed 13 fractions that possess high phenolics and flavonoid contents.Invitro study showed the fraction rich in flavonoid showed better hepatoprotective activity. GC-MS analysis of fractions that exhibited good hepatoprotective activity revealed presence of four major constituents: pilocarpine, glyceric acid, pangamic acid, and gallic acid, while HPTLC analysis revealed presence of quercetin. (9)
• Antidiabetic / Leaves: Study evaluated antidiabetic activity of leaves of chloroform extract of Clerodendrum paniculatumthe by in-vitro (alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay), in-vivo (streptozotocin-induced diabetes), and ex-vivo (glucose uptake by rat hemi-diaphram) methods. Results showed both 200 and 400 mg/kg dose of extract showed significant antidiabetic activity, the 400 mg dose showing better activity than the 200 mg/kg dose. The hemi-diaphram from rats treated with both doses showed significant glucose uptake. (10)
• Antibacterial / Antioxidant / Leaves and Flowers: Study evaluated antibacterial activity of leaves and flowers of C. paniculatum. Leaves and flowers contained antioxidant compounds, reducing sugar, vitamin C and catalase enzymes. Both flower and leaf extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis, with flower extracts showing better antibacterial effects, with inhibition zone diameters at 750 mg/ml off 15.33 mm and 15.00 mm, respectively. (see constituents above) (11)
• Antidiabetic / Antilipidemic / Flowers: Study evaluated the effects of ethanolic extract of Cp flower on antidiabetic and antilipidemic tests indices of experimentally-induced high-fat diet (HFD) treated streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide was used as reference drug. Results showed significant reduction of glucose levels and cholesterol values and improved enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant levels. Results suggest the extract is useful in controlling blood glucose levels, improving lipid metabolism and body weight in diabetic-induced rats. (12)
• Antianxiety / Aerial Parts: Study aimed to validate the traditional claims of anti-anxiety activity of C. paniculatum using various extracts of shade dried aerial parts. Elevated plus maze and light-and-dark models were used for assessing anti-anxiety activity. Among extracts studied, the ethyl acetate extract showed significant activity comparable with standard drug, diazepam. (13)
• Anticonvulsant / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated aerial parts of C. paniculatum to validate traditional claims of anticonvulsant activity. An ethyl acetate extract showed significant activity comparable with standard drug, Phenytoin. (14)
• Insignificant Anticancer Activity / Antioxidant / Roots: Study evaluated alcoholic extract of roots for anticancer activity using ascitic carcinoma-bearing mice 15 days post transplantation. Study was based on the fact that some species of the genus, viz. Clerodendron serratum and C. viscosum showed potent anticancer properties. Study showed potent antioxidant activity. The plant showed anticancer potential, but not significant. Activity might show at higher concentration. (15)
• Inhibition of SARS-COV-2 / Leaves: Study evaluated the ability of alcohol extracted constituents from leaves of Cp to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 using computational methods like docking, molelcular dynamic simulations, and pharmacokinetic predictions. Of various constituents, quercetin was identified as a potent inhibitor that can bind strongly to the active site of main protease (Mpro) and spike protein of the virus with respective binding energy of -41.07 and -40.76 kcal mol-1. Molecular dynamic simulations supported the binding interactions. Results were ascertained experimentally by evaluating the inhibition potential of the extract against spike and Mpro proteins of SARS-CoV-2. (16)
• Anticancer Activity (Not significant) : Study evaluated the possible anticancer effect of alcoholic extract and fractions of the plant by in vitro methods like Trypan blue dye exclusion, MTT and SRB assays using three different human cancer cell lines (HepG2, HeLa, and MCF7). The alcoholic extract and petroleum fraction showed maximum anticancer potential, although not significant. More activity may show at higher concentrations. (17)
• Anti-Skin Ageing Activity / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-skin ageing benefits of methanol (CPM) and water (CPW) extracts of Cp leaves in vitro using Collagen-I, Elastin and Hyaluronidase assays on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF). CPM and CPW extracts were non toxic to cells with CTC50 above 200 µg/ml. Collagen and Elastin content was increased in extract treated cells. Study confirmed the presence of flavonoids, quercetin, and rutin as biomarkers. Both extracts exhibited good skin anti-ageing activity in HDF. Results substantiates the anti-skin ageing activity of CPW and CPM leaf extracts, and suggest potential as ingredient in skin care formulations. (18)
• Antibacterial Against Propionibacterium acnes / Leaves: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of pagoda leaves against Propionibacterium acnes utilizing agar diffusion paper discs. Postive control was Clindamycin and negative control was DMSO. Results showed highest inhibition value with clindamycin with inhibition diameter of 26.70 m, followed by the 20% water fraction with inhibitory diameter of 14.20 mm. Results showedfractions of pagoda leaves were not vigorous in inhibiting growth of Proprionibacterium acnes bacteria. (20)
• Antibacterial Against Psedomonas aeruginosa and MRSA / Leaves: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of C. paniculatum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using disc diffusion method. Inhibition value of ethyl acetate fraction of Cp against P. aeruginosa is 14.50±0.100; 13.73±0.058; 12.87± 0.057; 11.83±0.058 in concentration of 300, 200, 100 and 50 ppm. Inhibition value of ethanol extract of C. paniculatum against MRSA is 8.67±0.057; 7.80±0.100; 7.06±0.057; 6.43±0.057 in concentration of 300, 200, 100 and 50 ppm. Inhibition value of ethyl acetate fraction of Clerodendrum paniculatum against MRSA is 9.77±0.057; 8.03 ±0.057; 7.33±0.057; 6.70±0.100 in concentration of 300, 200, 100 and 50ppm. (see constituents above) (21)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Effect on IL-10 in Mammae Induced with S. aureus Bacteria / Leaves: Mastitis is an infectious disease found in breast feeding usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Study evaluated the effect of pagoda leaf extract on IL10 levels in Sprague Dawley rats induced by S. aureus bacteria. Results showed the leaf extract increased IL-10 levels as an anti-inflammatory, and suggests potential for the leaf extract as complementary therapy. (22)
• Antiviral / Clerodol Derivatives as COV2 Main Protease Inhibitor: Study evaluated the use of molecular docking approach in the development of novel antiviral inhibitors for COVID 19. COV-2 main protease contain a non-structural protein (PDB ID:6LU7), which serve as potential targets. Terpenoids can inhibit the COVID-19 main protease that present in the Corona virus which is an essential viral enzyme. Clerodol is an important triterpenoid in Cp leaves that is a potential inhibitor. Clerodol showed binding energy -5.74 kcal/mol. Pyrrole derivative of clerodol has highest binding energy -7.4 kcal/mol. The compounds showed good activity against Corona virus comparable to standard drug baricitinib. Study suggests Cp leaves may be an effective material source for development of antiviral drugs against corona and may serve as reference for further studies. (23)
Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Seeds in the cybermarket. |
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