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Family Ebenaceae
Kanomai
Malatinta
Diospyros maritima Blume
MALAYSIAN PERSIMMON
Hai bian shi

Scientific names Common names
Cargillia laxa R.Br. Kanomai (General)
Cargillia maritima Hassk. Malatinta (Tag.)
Cargillia megalocarpa F.Muell. Tanag (Palawan)
Diospyros camarinensis Merr. Broad leaved ebony (Engl.)
Diospyros kusanoi Hayata Malaysian persimmon (Engl.)
Diospyros laxa (R.Br.) F.M.Bailey Sea ebony (Engl.)
Diospyros liukiuensis Makino Sea persimmon (Engl.)
Diospyros maritima Blume  
Diospyros maritima var. oblongata Bakh.  
Diospyros maritima var. ovalifolia Bakh.  
Diospyros nitens W.Fitzg.  
Diospyros tetrandra Span.  
Maba megalocarpa F.Muell.  
Malatinta is a common name shared by Diospyros maritima and Phyllanthus reticulatus (Potato bush).
Kanomai is a common name shared or phonetically confused with Kanomai (Diospyros maritima), Kanumai (Diospyros multiflora)amd Burma kanomoi (Diospyros ehretioides).
Diospyros maritima Blume is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
CHINA: Hai bian shi.
INDONESIA: Biluat, Kunit (Java), Belu itam perempuan (Seram), Kayu itam lewo (Sulawesi), Ainum (Maluku).
VIETNAM: Cam thi, Vang nghe.

Gen info
- Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are in the tropics. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, list over 1000 species, with about 700 assigned with confidence. The  oldest fossils of the genus date to the Eocene, the Tertiary period between Paleocene and Oligocene epochs. (3)
- Etymology
: The genus name Diospyros derives from the Greek words dios and pyros, the Greek name literally meaning Zeus's wheat", or more generally, "divine food" or "divine fruit".Specific epithet maritima means "by the sea", referring to its coastal habit. (3)

Botany
Diospyros maritima is a tree 3--12 m tall, evergreen. Young shoots yellowish brown, glabrous. Winter buds sericeous. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to lanceolate-oblong, 7--17 X 3--8 cm, leathery, glabrous except sometimes for pubescent abaxial surface when young, ± concolorous, base obtuse to somewhat attenuate and with 2(--4) gland patches near petiole, apex obtusely acuminate, lateral veins ca. 7 per side, reticulate veinlets slender and inconspicuous. Inflorescences bracteate at base. Male flowers in 2- or 3-flowered cymes; pedicels short and thick; calyx ca. 3.5 mm, densely sericeous throughout; calyx lobes 4, triangular, slightly longer than tube; corolla urn-shaped, ca. 1.6 cm; corolla tube ca. 9 mm, outside densely appressed hairy; corolla lobes 3 or 4, oblong, ca. 7 X 4 mm, outside with right half densely sericeous, otherwise subglabrous, apex rounded; stamens 16; filaments hirsute; pistillode hirsute. Female flowers solitary, sessile; calyx lobes 4, both surfaces sericeous; corolla outside sericeous, inside glabrous; staminodes present; ovary 8-locular, rusty hairy. Fruiting calyx ca. 2 cm in diam.; lobes 4, poorly defined, reflexed. Berries orange-colored, depressed globose, 1.5--3 cm in diam., 8-locular, glabrous when ripe except for base of style. (Flora of China)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Also native to Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China,
Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Nansei-Shoto, New Guinea, Solomon Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Vietnam. (1)
- Habitat is coastal forests.

Constituents
- Bioactivity-directed fractionation of two bark samples of Diospyros maritima yielded a diverse set of secondary metabolites. Naphthoquinone plumbagin (1) was found in both specimens. The first sample also yielded a series of plumbagin dimers, maritinone (2), chitranone (3), and zeylanone (4). The second sample yielded a new naphthoquinone derivative, (4S)-shinanolone (5), a new natural product coumariin, 7,8-dimethoxy-6-hydroxycoumarin (6), along with three other analogues of plumbagin,
2-methoxy-7-nethyljuglone (7), 3-methoxy-7-methyljuglone (8), and 7-methyljuglone (9). (see study below) (4)
- Study of stem isolated three new lupane derivatives, 3-(E)-feruloyl-28-palmitoylbetulin (1), 3-(Z)-coumaroyl-28-palmitoylbetulin (2), and 3-(Z)-coumaroyllupeol (3). (6)
- Study of n-hexane extract of stems isolated one novel coumaric acid ester of lupeol, dioslupecin A (1), three naphthoquinones, 8'-hydroxyisodiospyrin (2), isodiospyrin (3), and plumbagin (4), three triterpenes, lupeol, lupenone, and taraxerone, and four sterols, ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one and ergosta-4,6,8(14),22--tetraen-3-one. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity in 4 cancer cell lines. (see study below) (7)
- Study of fresh fruits isolated three new naphthoquinones, 3-bromoplumbagin (1), ethylidene-6, 6'-biplumbagin (2), and 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)plumbagin (3), were isolated, in addition to six known naphthoquinones, 3-chloroplumbagin (4), 3-methylplumbagin (5), plumbagin (6), droserone (7), elliptinone (8), and maritinone (9). (11)
- Study of fruits isolated three new naphthoquine derivatives, 6-(1-ethoxyethyl)plumbagin (16), ethylidene-3,3′-biplumbagin (17), and ethylidene-3,6′-biplumbagin (18), were isolated, in addition to six known naphthoquinones, isozeylanone (10), 3,3′-biplumbagin (11), chitranone (12), methylene-3,3′-biplumbagin (13), 2,3-epoxyplumbagin (14), and 3,8′-biplumbagin (15). (see study below)  (12)
- Study of leaves isolated eight new glycosides, diosmariosides A-H.(see study below)  (13)
- Study of 1-BuOH-soluble fraction of methanol extract of D. maritima isolated three new oleanane-type and one new ursane-type triterpene glucoside, named ebenamariosides A-D (1-4), along with two megastigmanes.  (14)

Properties
- Bark from sap is concentrated and may cause severe itching and inflammation. (10)
- Studies have suggested antibacterial, cytotoxicity, anticancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ichthoyotoxic properties.

Parts used
Leaves, aerial parts.

Uses

Edibility
- Fruit is edible.
- An excellent source of fiber, vitamin A and C, and omega-3 fatty acids.

Folkloric

- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- In Taiwan, stems used for treatment of rheumatic diseases. (5)

Others
- Fish poison: Used as fish poison in Vietnam.

Studies
Cytotoxic / Antibacterial / Bark:
Bioactivity-directed fractionation of two bark samples of Diospyros maritima yielded a diverse set of secondary metabolites. The isolates were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. (see constituents above) (4)
Phenolic and Aliphatic Lactone: A previous study reported new naphthoquinones and triterpenoids. The naphthoquinones exhibited strong antitumor activity. This study isolated two new compounds from the same fraction: 3-ethoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone (1) and maritolide (2). (5)
Cytotoxicity / Stems: Study of n-hexane extract of stems isolated one novel coumaric acid ester of lupeol, dioslupecin A (1), three naphthoquinones, 8'-hydroxyisodiospyrin (2), isodiospyrin (3), and plumbagin (4), three triterpenes, lupeol, lupenone, and taraxerone, and four sterols, ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one and ergosta-4,6,8(14),22--tetraen-3-one. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity in 4 cancer cell lines.  Compound 2 showed similar cytotoxicity against hepatoma, nasopharynx carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and cervical carcinoma. Compounds 3 and 4exhibited strong cytotoxicity against HEPA-3B, KB, COLO-205 and HELA. (7)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated the analgesic effects of taraxeren-3-one from D. maritima, using models of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test, and anti-inflammatory effects using carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Results showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms may be related to a decrease in level of MDA in the edema paw via increased activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH in the liver. Also, taraxeren-3-one could affect production of NO and TNF-α. (8)
Silver Nanoparticles / Leaves: Study reports on the eco-friendly and cost-effective biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaves of D. maritma. The leaves extract contained phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which may act as reducing agent. (9)
Plumbagin / Antibacterial / Bark: Study isolated plumbagin (1,4-naphthalenedione-5-hydroxy-2-methyl) from the bark of D. maritima. The compound was tested for antibacterial activity by paper disk diffusion on double-layer agar medium. The pure compound inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila with MICs of 0.625 and 5.0 µg/mL, respectively. (10)
Naphthoquinone Derivatives / Ichthyotoxic Activity / Fruits: Study of fruits isolated three new naphthoquinone derivatives, 6-(1-ethoxyethyl)plumbagin (16), ethylidene-3,3′-biplumbagin (17), and ethylidene-3,6′-biplumbagin (18), were isolated, in addition to six known naphthoquinones, isozeylanone (10), 3,3′-biplumbagin (11), chitranone (12), methylene-3,3′-biplumbagin (13), 2,3-epoxyplumbagin (14), and 3,8′-biplumbagin (15). Quinones 11, 12, and 14-16 showed strong ichthyotoxic activity and quinone 14 showed mild germination inhibitory activity. (12)
Diosmarioside / Cytotoxicity / Adenocarcinoma (A549) Cell Liane / Leaves: Study of leaves isolated eight new glycosides, diosmariosides A-H. Among the compounds, only diosmarioside D (4) and sugeroside 9 showed strong cytotoxic activity towards lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell line. (13 )

Availability
Wild-crafted.


May 2023

                                                 PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Diospyros maritima / David Stang / CC by SA 4.0  International / Image modified / click on image or link to go to source page / Wikipedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photo : Ebenaceae: Diospyros maratima / Fruits / Copyright © 2017 by P B Pelser & J F Barcelona (contact: pieter.pelser@canterbury.ac.nz) [ref. DOL121214] / image modified / Non-Commercial Use / click on link or image to go to source page / Phytoimages.siu.edu

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Diospyros maritima / KEW: Plants of the World Online

(2)
Diospyros maritima (PROSEA) / Pl@ntUse
(3)
Diospyros / Wikipedia
(4)
Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Constituents of the Bark of Diospyros maritima Collected in Two Geographical Locations in Indonesia / Jian-Qioa Gu, Tyler N Graf, Dongho Lee, Hee-Byung Chai et al / J Nat Prod., 2004; 67(7): pp 1156-1161 / DOI: 10.1021/np040027m
(5)
A Phenolic and an aliphatic lactone from Diospyros maritima / Yueh-Hsiung Kuo, Shou-Ling Huang, Chi-I Chang / Phytochemistry, 1998; 49(8): pp 2505-2507 / DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00360-4
(6)
Three new Lupane-Type Triterpenes from Diospyros maritima
/ Chi-L chang, Yueh-Hsiung Kuo / Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1998; 46(10): pp 1627-1629 / DOI: 10.1248/cpb.46.1627
(7)
Cytotoxic Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima / Yao-Haur Kuo, Chi-I Chang, Shyh-Yuan Li et al / Planta Med 1997; 63(4): pp 363-365 / DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957703
(8)
Analgesic Effects and Mechanisms of Anti-inflammation of Taraxeren-3-one from Diospyros maritima in Mice / Tien-Ning Chang, Shyh-Shyun Huang, Yuan-Shiun Chang et al / J Agric. Food Chem., 2011; 59(17): pp 9112-9119 / DOI: 10.1021/jf201375u
(9)
The UV-VIS Spectrum Analysis From Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Diospyros maritima Blume. Leaves Extract / Tiara Egga Agustina, Windri Handayani, Cuk Imawan / Proceedings of the 3rd KOBI Congress, International and National Conferences (KOBICINC 2020) / DOI 10.2991/absr.k.210621.070
(10)
An antibacterial compound purified from a tropical coastal plant, Diospyros maritima / Alim Isnansetyo, Desy Putri Handayani, Indah Istiqomah, Aditya Arif, Takushi Kaneko / BIODIVERSITAS, 2022; 23(1): pp 135-142 / DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230117 / eISSN: 2085-4722 / pISSN: 1412-033X
(11)
Bioactive Naphthoquinone Derivatives from Diospyros maritima BLUME
/ Matsutaka Higa, Kazuhito Ogihara, Seiichi Yogi / Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1998; 46(8): pp 1189-1193 /
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.46.1189
(12)
Three New Naphthoquinone Derivatives from Diospyros maritima Blume / Matsutake Higa, Nobue Noha, Hiroto Yokaryo, Kazuhito Ogihara, Seiichi Yogi / Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2002; 50(5): pp 590-593 / DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.590
(13)
Eight ent-Kaurane Diterpenoid Glycosides Named Diosmariosides A–H from the Leaves of Diospyros maritima and Their Cytotoxic Activity / Susumu Kawakami, Shoko Nishida, Ayaka Nobe, Masanori Inagaki, Kentaro Yamaguchi et al / Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2018; 66(11): pp 1057-1064 /
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00529
(14)
Ebenamariosides A–D: Triterpene Glucosides and Megastigmanes from the Leaves of Diospyros maritima / Susumu Kawakami, Erika Miura, Ayaka Nobe, Masanori Inagak et al / Chemical and Pharmaceuticsl Bulletin, 2019; 67(12): pp 1337-1346 / DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00803

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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